Biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles-enhanced biosynthesis of lignans and neolignans in cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum L

Figures & data

Figure 1. A: In vitro established callus culture of Linum usitatissimum. B: Inoculum for cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum, derived from in vitro established callus culture. C: Cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum fed at day 0, day 0 and 15 and day 0 and 25, respectively.

Figure 2. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on fresh biomass of cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 3. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs dry biomass of cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 4. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on TPC in cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 5. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on TPP in cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 6. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on TFC in cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 7. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on total flavonoid production in cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Figure 8. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on free radical scavenging assay of cell suspension cultures of Linum usitatissimum. Values are mean of triplicates ± SD.

Table 1. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on content of DCG: dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside; GGCG: guaiacylglycerol-b-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside; SDG: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside; and LDG: lariciresinol diglucoside.

Harvesting Time (Days)	Elicitation Stages
	Control				Day 0				Day 0 and 15				Day 0 and 25
	Neolignans content		Lignans content		Neolignans content		Lignans content		Neolignans content		Lignans content		Neolignans content		Lignans content
	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG
15	6.49 ± 0.13	1.59 ± 0.04	2.02 ± 0.04	2.15 ± 0.02	0.95 ± 0.09	0.276 ± 0.003	0.78 ± 0.01	0.43 ± 0.10	0.95 ± 0.03	0.27 ± 0.10	0.78 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.0	0.953 ± 0.01	0.27 ± 0.00	0.78 ± 0.02	0.43 ± 0.00
20	7.74 ± 0.15	3.32 ± 0.05	4.27 ± 0.13	3.87 ± 0.12	8.63 ± 0.13	0.249 ± 0.005	0.80 ± 0.01	0.73 ± 0.02	12.60 ± 0.39	1.79 ± 0.05	17.47 ± 0.54	0.74 ± 0.00	8.63 ± 0.01	0.24 ± 0.00	0.80 ± 0.00	0.73 ± 0.02
25	10.36 ± 0.09	3.68 ± 0.05	11.85 ± 0.23	2.05 ± 0.04	1.40 ± 0.02	0.512 ± 0.015	0.65 ± 0.01	1.53 ± 0.03	15.75 ± 0.98	3.25 ± 0.10	25.01 ± 1.17	7.65 ± 0.23	1.40 ± 0.01	0.51 ± 0.001	0.65 ± 0.00	1.53 ± 0.04
30	6.77 ± 0.13	2.35 ± 0.04	6.51 ± 0.18	1.25 ± 0.04	7.04 ± 0.10	0.630 ± 0.020	0.54 ± 0.07	0.17 ± 0.03	7.78 ± 0.44	0.79 ± 0.01	2.48 ± 0.07	3.41 ± 0.10	36.44 ± 0.21	22.73 ± 0.16	1.86 ± 0.12	1.74 ± 0.01
35	4.86 ± 0.09	2.22 ± 0.08	3.76 ± 0.07	1.85 ± 0.02	0.81 ± 0.01	0.240 ± 0.007	0.10 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.00	0.57 ± 0.02	1.18 ± 0.01	0.42 ± 0.01	0.88 ± 0.02	1.51 ± 0.15	0.78 ± 0.03	1.18 ± 0.01	1.28 ± 0.01
40	4.65 ± 0.02	2.37 ± 0.01	2.96 ± 0.01	1.97 ± 0.08	0.56 ± 0.10	0.067 ± 0.002	0.02 ± 0.00	0.13 ± 0.00	9.20 ± 0.28	0.23 ± 0.01	0.30 ± 0.10	0.52 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.00	0.09 ± 0.00	0.06 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.00

Table 2. Temporal effects of repeated elicitation with biogenic ZnO-NPs on production of DCG: dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside; GGCG: guaiacylglycerol-b-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside; SDG: secoisolariciresinol diglucoside; and LDG: lariciresinol diglucoside.

Harvesting Time (Days)	Elicitation Stages
	Control				Day 0				Day 0 and 15				Day 0 and 25
	Neolignans production		Lignans production		Neolignans production		Lignans production		Neolignans production		Lignans production		Neolignans production		Lignans production
	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG	DCG	GGCG	SDG	LDG
15	24.36 ± 0.48	5.99 ± 0.09	7.60 ± 0.15	8.09 ± 0.08	4.86 ± 0.07	1.41 ± 0.01	4.00 ± 0.06	2.23 ± 0.04	4.86 ± 0.15	1.41 ± 0.04	4.00 ± 0.12	2.23 ± 0.02	4.86 ± 0.04	1.41 ± 0.01	4.00 ± 0.25	2.23 ± 0.02
20	50.51 ± 1.01	21.65 ± 0.32	27.893 ± 0.558	25.24 ± 0.78	38.75 ± 0.58	1.11 ± 0.01	3.36 ± 0.25	3.29 ± 0.06	137.83 ± 6.7	19.64 ± 1.57	191.02 ± 4.12	8.18 ± 0.58	38.75 ± 0.03	1.11 ± 0.09	3.59 ± 0.03	3.29 ± 0.12
25	76.57 ± 1.53	27.384 ± 0.71	88.060 ± 1.761	15.27 ± 0.67	7.15 ± 0.10	2.61 ± 0.02	3.35 ± 0.05	7.84 ± 0.15	179 ± 3.44	36.98 ± 1.14	284.12 ± 6.80	86.97 ± 2.69	7.15 ± 0.07	2.61 ± 0.02	3.35 ± 0.01	7.84 ± 0.23
30	42.05 ± 0.84	14.64 ± 0.29	40.439 ± 1.089	7.79 ± 0.14	61.40 ± 2.92	5.49 ± 0.17	4.77 ± 0.09	1.51 ± 0.02	94.74 ± 1.9	9.61 ± 0.34	30.26 ± 1.93	41.54 ± 1.28	493.28 ± 2.96	307.69 ± 2.46	25.28 ± 1.51	23.57 ± 0.19
35	14.09 ± 0.28	6.45 ± 0.22	10.916 ± 0.818	5.38 ± 0.05	6.74 ± 0.30	1.99 ± 0.06	0.88 ± 0.03	1.11 ± 0.01	6.16 ± 0.29	12.77 ± 0.08	4.57 ± 0.14	9.56 ± 0.26	17.31 ± 0.77	9.03 ± 0.45	13.55 ± 0.13	14.74 ± 0.18
40	17.20 ± 0.34	8.80 ± 0.17	10.983 ± 0.044	7.30 ± 0.29	3.23 ± 0.04	0.38 ± 0.01	0.13 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.01	80.41 ± 3.49	2.06 ± 0.10	2.62 ± 0.04	4.59 ± 0.54	0.70 ± 0.07	0.83 ± 0.04	0.60 ± 0.06	1.57 ± 0.03