Effects of bronchial provocation test and bronchial dilation test for the diagnosis of lung diseases

Figures & data

Table 1. Positive BPT in patients with lung diseases and non-lung diseases.

	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	DLCO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	EOS (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
Lung disease	373	64.72 ± 61.3 (44.00, 58.00)	91.78 ± 52.09 (87.20, 16.00)	99.18 ± 12.20 (76.38, 14.00)	75.97 ± 9.50 (97.40, 12.00)	77.07 ± 26.05 (79.00, 27.71)	4.83 ± 4.80 (3.15, 5.575)
Non-lung disease	77	48.08 ± 44.79 (33.00, 54.00)	88.37 ± 13.90 (87.00, 19.75)	98.02 ± 13.47 (96.70, 16.05)	76.74 ± 9.37 (77.17, 4.52)	75.94 ± 19.46 (79.35, 31.65)	3.63 ± 4.35 (3.11, 3.20)
p		.081	.569	.460	.422	.909	.265

BPT: Bronchial provocation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2. Positive BDT in patients with lung diseases and non-lung diseases.

	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	DLCO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	EOS (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
Lung disease	320	50.97 ± 43.72 (35.50, 42.525)	51.36 ± 17.79 (54.20, 27.475)	76.09 ± 17.34 (75.50, 15.79)	53.53 ± 10.43 (56.565, 24.375)	71.09 ± 48.83 (69.60, 32.205)	5.27 ± 5.24 (4.50, 5.20)
Non-lung disease	22	45.70 ± 36.64 (29.75, 36.1)	56.06 ± 20.14 (63.00, 24.25)	77.91 ± 19.76 (80.95, 18.175)	57.61 ± 11.52 (53.835, 17.00)	78.54 ± 24.27 (84.60, 22.30)	4.91 ± 4.47 (3.80, 6.9775)
p		.745	.235	.638	.839	.068	.752

BDT: Bronchial dilation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 3. BPT Results in patients with lung diseases.

	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
BPT (–)	1452	26.07 ± 21.53 (20.05, 16.00)	97.70 ± 26.82 (95.55, 18.25)	100.23 ± 28.52 (82.70, 8.19)	82.18 ± 7.65 (98.50, 17.30)
BPT (+)	373	64.72 ± 61.37 (44.00, 58.00)	91.78 ± 52.09 (87.20, 16.00)	99.18 ± 12.20 (97.40, 14.80)	75.97 ± 9.50 (76.38, 11.98)
p		<.001	<.001	.561	<.001

BPT: Bronchial provocation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 4. BDT Results in patients with lung diseases.

	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
BDT (–)	3414	31.54 ± 26.20 (24.00, 19.975)	70.82 ± 41.61 (71.10, 44.50)	84.60 ± 27.41 (86.00, 31.90)	63.71 ± 15.81 (63.345, 26.03)
BDT (+)	603	51.19 ± 43.82 (36.00, 42.85)	51.64 ± 17.94 (54.40, 27.40)	76.76 ± 17.96 (76.00, 24.30)	53.32 ± 10.70 (53.09, 16.64)
p		<.001	<.001	<.001	<.001

BDT: Bronchial dilation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 5. Different BPT degrees in patients with lung diseases.

BPT degrees	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	DLCO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	EOS (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
I	250	48.89 ± 43.42 (32.00, 42.00)	95.11 ± 62.95 (89.85, 18.35)	99.18 ± 12.97 (97.45, 16.95)	77.37 ± 7.90 (78.405, 16.95)	73.90 ± 29.86 (75.065, 27.60)	4.15 ± 4.69 (2.45, 4.625)
II	70	104.19 ± 77.15^a (87.00, 118.90)	86.99 ± 10.12^b (84.15, 11.325)	99.61 ± 10.64^c (97.45, 10.375)	75.06 ± 12.91 (74.50, 11.445)	92.17 ± 11.42 (98.10, 10.21)	7.72 ± 4.18^d (7.00, 10.30)
III	51	90.20 ± 81.07^e (60.00, 87.00)	81.76 ± 10.83^f,h (82.30, 12.00)	98.35 ± 10.24^g (96.90, 11.30)	70.23 ± 9.15^i (70.90, 15.06)	–	5.27 ± 4.96^j (4.40, 5.30)

BPT: Bronchial provocation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; a, II vs. I, p < .001; b, II vs. I, p = .004; c, II vs. I, p = .002; d, II vs. I, p < .001; e, III vs. I, p < .001; f, III vs. I, p < .001; g, III vs. I, p < .001; h, III vs. II, p = .026; i, III vs. II, p = .021; j, III vs. II, p = .025.

Table 6. Different BDT degrees in patients with lung diseases.

BDT degrees	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
I	375	54.79 ± 47.86 (37.00, 46.00)	57.18 ± 16.95 (57.00, 20.70)	81.14 ± 16.76 (81.10, 21.30)	56.14 ± 10.31 (57.47, 15.53)
II	154	47.11 ± 39.87 (34.00, 36.05)	45.95 ± 15.06^a (45.15, 22.725)	72.22 ± 15.98^b (71.15, 25.025)	50.71 ± 9.54^c (50.125, 14.21)
III	74	44.30 ± 31.13 (40.00, 38.45)	35.42 ± 14.67^dg (31.25, 20.55)	64.03 ± 19.45^eh (58.60, 31.175)	44.45 ± 8.60^fi (43.60, 11.93)

BDT: Bronchial dilation test; ENO: Exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: Forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: Forced vital capacity; DLCO: Diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: Eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; a, II vs. I, p < .001; b, II vs. I, p < .001; c, II vs. I, p < .001; d, III vs. I, p < .001; e, III vs. I, p < .001; f, III vs. I, p < .001; g, III vs. II, p < .001; h, III vs. II, p < .001; i, III vs. II, p = .001.

Table 7. Comparison of BPT indicators among different lung diseases.

Disease type	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	DLCO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	EOS (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
Bronchitis	39	54.09 ± 54.18 (32.00, 39.25)	114.47 ± 157.08 (84.60, 20.70)	100.79 ± 14.58 (96.20, 22.00)	74.60 ± 8.25 (75.77, 22.00)	69.14 ± 10.71 (68.05, 19.755)	3.59 ± 4.37 (2.40, 6.00)
Asthma	180	76.70 ± 67.18 (56.00, 84.55)	87.93 ± 10.21a (87.25, 13.125)	98.51 ± 10.19 (97.60, 13.275)	75.84 ± 10.76 (75.065, 12.36)	92.63 ± 9.37b (96.05, 16.325)	6.31 ± 5.73 (5.05, 7.075)
Cough	141	51.77 ± 51.46 (34.70, 39.50)	91.41 ± 13.80 (89.00, 19.15)	99.79 ± 13.57 (97.60, 17.45)	77.06 ± 7.73 (78.13, 17.45)	71.03 ± 42.32 (75.20, 65.04)	3.74 ± 3.24 (2.80, 4.60)
COPD	6	71.25 ± 82.64 (39.50, 142.25)	75.63 ± 12.92 (73.75, 16.425)	91.03 ± 6.41 (93.40, 12.90)	65.56 ± 8.62c (64.465, 14.185)	–	–
Other lung diseases	5	74.50 ± 81.32 (75.50, -)	88.88 ± 13.30 (90.10, 26.35)	78.63 ± 5.99 (92.80, 34.20)	99.88 ± 19.56 (79.54, 9.16)	–	–

Notes: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACOS, asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome; BPT: bronchial provocation test; ENO: exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC: forced vital capacity; DLCO: diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: eosinophilia; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; a, asthma vs. bronchitis, p = .025; b, asthma vs. bronchitis, p = .016; c, COPD vs. bronchitis, p = .034.

Table 8. Comparison of BDT indicators among different lung diseases.

Disease type	Case No.	ENO (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1 (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)	FEV1/FVC (mean ± SD, median, IQR)
Bronchitis	50	33.88 ± 29.29 (25.00, 13.90)	56.34 ± 17.84 (54.60, 21.925)	80.98 ± 17.55 (78.85, 20.125)	55.59 ± 11.05 (55.425, 17.595)
Asthma	213	58.09 ± 45.48a (45.00, 46.50)	54.02 ± 17.58 (54.80, 24.85)	78.86 ± 17.11 (80.50, 22.40)	55.79 ± 10.08 (55.90, 15.615)
Cough	37	76.47 ± 68.20b (56.50, 103.925)	63.09 ± 15.40c (65.40, 14.20)	85.22 ± 16.95 (84.20, 16.60)	59.56 ± 8.91d (64.57, 10.73)
Pulmonary emphysema	3	–	35.50 ± 19.20 (–)	63.17 ± 20.48 (–)	43.11 ± 8.62 (–)
COPD	229	41.98 ± 32.88 (33.00, 31.75)	46.78 ± 17.20e (46.30, 24.80)	73.49 ± 18.39f (71.30, 24.85)	49.37 ± 9.95g (48.61, 15.615)
Pneumoconiosis	7	–	60.14 ± 15.87 (61.60, 12.90)	83.19 ± 13.86 (79.20, 24.10)	57.32 ± 16.82 (53.81, 22.52)
Lung cancer	5	–	49.56 ± 14.07 (48.80, 24.30)	68.94 ± 8.53 (70.10, 14.80)	55.61 ± 11.68 (55.02, 20.705)
ACOS	27	69.86 ± 52.72h (23.90, 23.25)	46.22 ± 20.02i (53.80, 19.85)	72.09 ± 19.85j (73.95, 24.00)	48.91 ± 10.69k (59.605, 12.505)
Other lung diseases	28	27.63 ± 14.98 (49.50, 81.75)	52.69 ± 15.18 (43.30, 23.10)	72.81 ± 15.71 (68.90, 25.90)	57.03 ± 8.40 (49.74, 16.07)

BDT: bronchial dilation test; ENO: exhaled nitric oxide; FEV1: forced expiratory volume of first minute; FVC:forced vital capacity; DLCO: diffusion of carbon monoxide in the lungs; EOS: eosinophilia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACOS, asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome; SD: Standard deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; a, asthma vs. bronchitis, p = .001; b, cough vs. bronchitis, p = .013; c, cough vs. bronchitis, p = .027; d, cough vs. bronchitis, p = .048; e, COPD vs. bronchitis, p =.001; f, COPD vs. bronchitis, p < .001; g; COPD vs. bronchitis, p = .001; h, ACOS vs. bronchitis p = .019; i, ACOS vs. bronchitis p = .013; j, ACOS vs. bronchitis p = .046; k, ACOS vs. bronchitis p = .030.