Clinical efficacy and safety of statin treatment after carotid artery stenting

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline information of the included patients.

Parameters	Total	Statin group	Control group	p Values
Case number	160	82	78	–
Age (years)	64.87 ± 9.90	65.67 ± 9.14	65.08 ± 10.70	.796
Gender				.693
Male	105 (65.63%)	55 (67.07%)	50 (64.10%)
Female	55 (34.38%)	27 (32.93%)	28 (35.90%)
Smoking history				.685
Yes	59 (36.88%)	29 (35.37%)	30 (38.46%)
No	101 (63.13%)	53 (64.63%)	48 (61.54%)
Drinking history				.295
Yes	62 (38.75%)	35 (42.68%)	27 (34.62%)
No	98 (61.25%)	47 (57.32%)	51 (65.38%)
Complicating diseases
Hypertension	83 (51.88%)	46 (56.10%)	37 (47.44%)	.273
Diabetes	76 (47.50%)	38 (46.34%)	38 (48.72%)	.764
Hyperlipidemia	71 (44.38%)	36 (43.90%)	35 (44.87%)	.902
CHD	69 (43.13%)	37 (45.12%)	32 (41.03%)	.601
Indicators for CAS
Asymptomatic	41 (25.63%)	21 (25.61%)	20 (25.64%)	.996
Transient monocular blindness	20 (12.50%)	10 (12.20%)	10 (12.82%)	.905
TIA	30 (18.75%)	12 (14.63%)	18 (23.08%)	.171
Minor stroke	50 (31.25%)	58 (70.73%)	22 (28.21%)	.418
Major stroke	19 (11.88%)	11 (13.41%)	8 (10.26%)	.537
Stenosis locations				.806
Left	100 (62.50%)	52 (63.41%)	48 (61.54%)
Right	60 (37.50%)	30 (36.59%)	30 (38.46%)

CAS: carotid artery stenting; CHD: coronary heart disease; TIA: transient ischemic attacks.

Table 2. Blood examination results for the included patients before CAS treatment.

Parameters	Total	Statin group	Control group	p Values
NSE (ng/mL)	14.22 ± 5.04	13.80 ± 5.32	14.66 ± 4.72	.285
LDL (mg/dL)	102.26 ± 16.99	103.76 ± 17.62	100.69 ± 16.26	.255
HDL (mg/dL)	41.61 ± 5.43	42.22 ± 5.24	40.97 ± 5.59	.148
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	185.42 ± 30.52	181.07 ± 24.68	189.99 ± 35.23	.065
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	136.06 ± 39.18	133.34 ± 35.43	138.91 ± 42.81	.370
Apoliporotin a (mg/dL)	137.47 ± 23.51	136.91 ± 26.38	138.05 ± 20.20	.761
Apolipoprotein b (mg/dL)	95.76 ± 19.14	94.24 ± 21.24	97.35 ± 16.63	.307
hs-CRP (mg/L)	8.74 ± 5.58	9.41 ± 5.26	8.02 ± 5.84	.115
ALT (IU/L)	20.71 ± 4.05	20.74 ± 3.91	20.67 ± 4.23	.905
AST (IU/L)	19.96 ± 4.54	19.61 ± 4.44	20.33 ± 4.63	.315
BUN (mmol/L)	8.43 ± 2.38	8.62 ± 2.18	8.23 ± 2.57	.293
Serum Cre (μmol/L)	0.89 ± 0.14	0.90 ± 0.14	0.88 ± 0.13	.535
Serum urea acid (μmol/L)	4.83 ± 1.46	4.65 ± 1.45	5.01 ± 1.46	.120

NSE: neuron-specific enolase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: hypersenstivie C-reactive protein; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: urea nitrogen; Cre: creatinine.

Table 3. Blood examination results for the included patients at postoperative 48 h.

Parameters	Total	Statin group	Control group	p Values
NSE (ng/mL)	11.20 ± 5.73	10.98 ± 5.76	11.43 ± 5.72	.618
LDL (mg/dL)	97.85 ± 16.14	94.50 ± 14.40	101.37 ± 17.19	.007
HDL (mg/dL)	56.12 ± 21.41	59.21 ± 23.48	52.87 ± 18.61	.061
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	154.33 ± 37.68	147.85 ± 32.84	161.14 ± 41.29	.025
Triglyceride (mg/dL)	99.93 ± 39.46	96.34 ± 35.43	103.69 ± 43.20	.240
Apolipoprotin a (mg/dL)	147.18 ± 24.07	144.45 ± 27.08	150.05 ± 20.20	.142
Apolipoprotein b (mg/dL)	81.45 ± 18.17	80.54 ± 19.47	82.41 ± 16.76	.516
hs-CRP (mg/L)	9.17 ± 6.87	7.92 ± 5.53	10.49 ± 7.87	.018
ALT (IU/L)	21.44 ± 4.34	21.93 ± 3.86	20.92 ± 4.76	.140
AST (IU/L)	19.65 ± 4.69	20.12 ± 4.65	19.16 ± 4.72	.199
BUN (mmol/L)	6.51 ± 2.38	6.70 ± 2.18	6.31 ± 2.57	.293
Serum Cre (mg/dL)	1.12 ± 0.35	1.02 ± 0.23	1.24 ± 0.42	<.001
Serum urea acid (mg/dL)	5.95 ± 2.58	5.59 ± 2.54	6.34 ± 2.58	.067
CIN	10 (6.25%)	3 (3.66%)	7 (8.97%)	.019
New infarction	15 (9.38%)	10 (4.88%)	11 (14.10%)	.045

NSE: neuron-specific enolase; LDL: low density lipoprotein; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: hypersenstivie C-reactive protein; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BUN: urea nitrogen; Cre: creatinine; CIN: contrast-induced nephropathy.

Figure 1. Clinical outcomes in statin and control groups within postoperative 30 days. The occurrences of transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke and other cardiac complications were significantly different between Statin and control groups (p < .05).

Table 4. Clinical outcomes of the patients within postoperative 30 days.

Complications	Total	Statin group (n, %)	Control group (n, %)	p Values
TIA	31 (19.38%)	10 (12.20%)	21 (26.92%)	.018
Ischemic stroke	18 (11.25%)	5 (6.10%)	13 (16.67%)	.034
MI	2 (1.25%)	0 (0.00%)	2 (2.56%)	.145
Other cardiac complications	21 (13.13%)	6 (7.32%)	15 (19.23%)	.026
Death	5 (3.13%)	2 (2.44%)	3 (3.85%)	.609

TIA: transient ischemic attack; MI: myocardial infarction.

Table 5. Multiple analysis estimating statin treatment values in clinical outcomes within 30 days among cases undergoing CAS.

End points	OR	95% CI	p
TIA	0.400	0.159–1.007	.052
Ischemic stroke	0.038	0.003–0.543	.016
MI	0.000	–	.996
Other cardiac complications	0.208	0.063–0.694	.011
Death	0.535	0.043–6.590	.625

Notes: TIA: Transient ischemic attack; MI: myocardial infarction.