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Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology
An International Journal
Volume 51, 2023 - Issue 1
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Review article

Molecular complexity of mammary glands development: a review of lactogenic differentiation in epithelial cells

Manoj Kumar Jenaa Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IndiaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3847-8539View further author information
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Farheen Badrealam Khanb Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesView further author information
,
Syed Azmal Alic Division of Proteomics of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, GermanyORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3024-9379View further author information
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Abdullah Abdullahd Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, PakistanView further author information
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Amarish Kumar Sharmaa Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IndiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8887-9296View further author information
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Vikas Yadave Department of Translational Medicine, Clinical Research Centre, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmo, SwedenORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4353-3731View further author information
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Sudhakar Kancharlaf Devansh Lab Werks, Homewood, AL, USAView further author information
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Prachetha Kollig Microgen Health Inc., Chantilly, VA, USAView further author information
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Gowtham Mandadapuf Devansh Lab Werks, Homewood, AL, USAView further author information
,
Anjan Kumar Sahooh Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaView further author information
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Prasana Kumar Rathi Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IndiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-5961View further author information
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Jalal Taneeraj Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;k Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab EmiratesView further author information
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Sudarshan Kumarl Proteomics and Structural Biology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, IndiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9816-4307View further author information
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Ashok Kumar Mohantym ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttarakhand, IndiaORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9420-8966View further author information
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Khang Wen Gohn Faculty Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, MalaysiaView further author information
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Long Chiau Mingo School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia;p PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei;q Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaView further author information
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Chrismawan Ardiantoq Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, IndonesiaCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3713-7900View further author information
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Pages 491-508 | Received 17 May 2023, Accepted 07 Aug 2023, Published online: 11 Sep 2023

Figures & data

Figure 1. The hypothalamus-anterior pituitary gland-mammary gland axis showing regulation of prolactin secretion and milk production. The prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary for prolactin (PRL) secretion, which further binds to PRLR in MECs to signal the milk protein synthesis.

Figure 1. The hypothalamus-anterior pituitary gland-mammary gland axis showing regulation of prolactin secretion and milk production. The prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) from the hypothalamus signals the anterior pituitary for prolactin (PRL) secretion, which further binds to PRLR in MECs to signal the milk protein synthesis.

Figure 2. STAT5 and Ras signalling pathway regulating the expression of milk protein genes and cell growth. Prolactin binds to the prolactin receptor (PRLR) present on the cell surface of MECs and induces the STAT5 pathway for milk protein gene expression. The RAS signalling pathway is activated by growth factors and cytokines that bind to their receptors on the cell surface and activates a cascade of protein kinases, including the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. The activated ERK protein kinase induces the transcription of target genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Figure 2. STAT5 and Ras signalling pathway regulating the expression of milk protein genes and cell growth. Prolactin binds to the prolactin receptor (PRLR) present on the cell surface of MECs and induces the STAT5 pathway for milk protein gene expression. The RAS signalling pathway is activated by growth factors and cytokines that bind to their receptors on the cell surface and activates a cascade of protein kinases, including the RAF-MEK-ERK pathway. The activated ERK protein kinase induces the transcription of target genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this review article are available in PubMed Central [PMC] at [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/].

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