The implication of climate variability on household water management; perception and practices among rural womenfolk in four communities in Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. A conceptual model of household water management practices adapted from Lowe, Lynch, and Lowe (2015).

Figure 2. Map of study communities (Tsetsekpo, Sayikope and Klukope) within the Central Tongu district and (Totope) in the Ada-East district of Ghana.

Table 1. Name of communities, number of households and number of questionnaires administered.

Name of community	Number of households	Calculated sample size of community
Totope	598	150
Tsetsekpo	255	64
Sayikope	148	37
Klukope	199	50
Total	1,200	301

Figure 3. Percentage of study respondents from the various communities.

Table 2. Summary of Chi-square analysis between socio-economic factors of respondents and household water management choices.

Dependent variables		Independent variables
		Occupation	Educational status	Household income
Type of water source used	Chi-square	21.2	10.4	36.6
	Df	10	8	14
	Significance (2-tailed)	0.020*	0.002*	0.001*

*Significant at p value of 0.05, N = 301.

Figure 4. Level of education among respondents from various communities.

Table 3. Summary of employment and occupation characteristics.

Employment information	Informal sector	89%
	White collared	3%
	Pursuing an education/unemployed	8%
Type of occupation	Farming	30.9%
	Fish processing	27.9%
	Dressmaking	1.3%

Table 4. Summary of sources of water used within the communities

Water source	Public standpipe	58.8 %
	Both Public standpipe and River Volta	8.0%
	River Volta only	20.9%
	Aklakpa stream	12.3%

Table 5. Summary of sources of water used within the communities and the costs.

Type of water source	Cost of water per cm^3 (GHc)
Pipe-borne water	0.29
Volta River	0
Aklakpa stream	0

Table 6. Summary of respondents’ perception of climate change and climate variability

Variable/Question		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Changes in temp pattern	No change	124	41.2
	Unpredictable	100	33.2
	No idea	77	25.6
Total		301	100
Changes in temp intensity	Increase	98	32.6
	Decrease	96	31.9
	No change	50	16.6
	No idea	57	18.9
Total		301	100
Changes in rainfall pattern	Unpredictable	220	73.1
	No change	81	26.9
Total		301	100
Changes in rainfall amount	Increase	31	10.3
	Decrease	230	76.4
	No change	40	13.3
Total		301	100
Reasons for climate variability	No idea	250	83.1
	Natural occurrences	29	9.6
	Act of God	22	7.3
		301	100

Table 7. Respondents’ views of adapting to climate variability.

Adaptation to climate variability	Number of respondents	Percentage of respondents
No	280	93
Yes	21	7
Total	301	100

Table 8. Summary of household water practices as a means of adapting to climate change and climate variability within the communities.

Type of household water practice	Number of households	Percentage of households
Rainwater harvesting	2	0.66
Increased number of storage vessels	32	10.6
No idea	267	88.7
Total	301	100

Lowe, B., Lynch, D., & Lowe, J. (2015). Reducing household water consumption: A social marketing approach. Journal of Marketing Management, 31, 378–408. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2014.971044

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