Effects of CALL-mediated TBLT on motivation for L2 reading

Figures & data

Table 1. AMTB scale

AMTB constructs	No. of items	Questionnaire item No.
Interest in Foreign Languages	10	1, 12, 21, 32, 42, 55, 65, 76, 85, 95
Motivational Intensity	10	3, 13, 23, 33, 44, 56, 67, 77, 87, 96
Parental Encouragement	8	2, 22, 43, 48, 57, 66, 86, 103
English Class Anxiety	10	4, 16, 24, 36, 45, 60, 68, 80, 88, 98
English Teacher Evaluation	10	5, 14, 25, 34, 46, 58, 69, 78, 89, 97
Attitudes toward Learning English	10	6, 18, 26, 38, 47, 62, 70, 82, 90, 100
Attitudes toward English-speaking	8	7, 27, 40, 53, 49, 71, 91, 104
Integrative Orientation	4	8, 28, 50, 72
Desire to Learn English	10	9, 17, 29, 37, 51, 61, 73, 81, 92, 99
English Course Evaluation	10	10, 20, 30, 41, 52, 64, 74, 84, 93, 102
English Use Anxiety	10	11, 19, 31, 39, 54, 63, 75, 83, 94, 101
Instrumental Orientation	4	15, 35, 59, 79

Table 2. t-test of the two groups on the OPT scores

	Levene’s test for equality of variances		t-Test for equality of means
	F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (two-tailed)	Mean difference	Std. error difference	95% confidence interval of the difference
								Lower	Upper
Equal variances assumed	.001	.973	.022	81	.983	.06550	3.02139	−5.94612	6.07711
Equal variances not assumed			.022	78.858	.983	.06550	3.01968	−5.94520	6.07619

Table 3. Tests of normality

Tests of normality	Experimental/control groups	Shapiro–Wilk
		Statistic	df	Sig.
Pre AMTB	Experimental	.970	45	.287
	Control	.953	38	.113
Post AMTB	Experimental	.964	45	.174
	Control	.975	38	.541

Table 4. Independent-samples t-test of the two groups on the AMTB pretest

	Levene’s test for equality of variances		t-test for equality of means
	F	Sig.	t	df	Sig.(two-tailed)	Mean difference	Std. error difference	95% confidence interval of the difference
								Lower	Upper
Equal variances assumed	.047	.829	.107	81	.915	.00646	.06040	−.11371	.12664
Equal variances not assumed			.107	79.219	.915	.00646	.06029	−.11353	.12646

Table 5. Results of ANCOVA on the AMTB posttest using pre-test as a covariate.

Source	Type III sum of squares	df	Mean square	F	Sig.	Partial eta squared
Corrected Model	59.153^a	2	29.577	135.404	.000	.772
Intercept	5.629	1	5.629	25.769	.000	.244
Pretest	.492	1	.492	2.254	.137	.027
Groups	58.525	1	58.525	267.932	.000	.770
Error	17.475	80	.218
Total	1637.033	83
Corrected Total	76.628	82

^a R Squared = .772 (Adjusted R Squared = .766).