Impact of ethical information resources on counselor education students

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic profile of participants

Category	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Female	222	84%
	Male	41	16%
Race	European American	199	76%
	African American	27	10%
	Hispanic American	21	8%
	Biracial	9	3%
	Asian American	7	3%
Academic Setting	Public college or university with master’s counselor education programs	82	31%
	Public college or university with master’s and doctoral counselor education programs	78	30%
	Private college or university with master’s counselor education programs	50	19%
	Private college or university with master’s and doctoral counselor education programs	34	13%
	For profit college or university with master’s counselor education programs	7	3%
	For profit college or university with master’s and doctoral counselor education programs	12	4%
Academic Program	Clinical mental health counseling	157	60%
	School counseling	68	26%
	Marriage and family counseling	19	7%
	Rehabilitation counseling	8	3%
	Addiction counseling	6	2%
	College counseling	5	2%

Table 2. Pre-test (M¹) Post-test (M²) Item Responses for all 263 Participants Combined

	M^1	SD^1	M^2	SD^2
1. The counselor tells the client that they also have an Autistic child and then discusses the community resources available for Autistic children	4.52	1.32	4.43	1.36
2. The counselor accepts a small gift from the client that is not a financial burden for the client	3.78	1.48	3.76	1.34
3. The counselor attends the client’s big event (wedding, funeral, etc)	2.82	1.34	2.80	1.34
4. The counselor and client go to a movie	1.19	0.49	1.35	0.67
5. The counselor performs counseling services in the client’s home	3.60	1.57	3.51	1.55
6. The counselor sees a client out to dinner with a large group of family and friends and asks the client in front of everyone how well the client thinks counseling is progressing	1.07	0.49	1.10	0.37
7. The counselor takes lawn mowing, pet grooming or other service as payment for counseling services	2.32	1.40	2.56	1.50
8. The counselor hugs the client	3.46	1.15	3.43	1.23
9. The counselor and client open a business providing errand services for senior citizens	1.20	0.64	1.34	0.77
10. The counselor asks the client to write a positive review of the counselor’s services on Yelp.com	1.55	0.94	1.61	0.98
11. The counselor accompanies the client during a feared medical procedure	2.98	1.34	3.17	1.41
12. The counselor discusses their own marriage difficulties with a client processing their divorce	1.79	1.09	1.90	1.19
13. The counselor hires the client to work in the counselor’s office	1.34	0.66	1.38	0.79
14. The counselor bills insurance for counseling sessions that were never scheduled with the client	1.06	0.32	1.05	0.32
15. The counselor lets the client stay at the counselor’s home	1.15	0.52	1.18	0.54
16. The counselor and client have sex	1.01	0.19	1.02	0.15

M¹ is the mean and SD¹ is the standard deviation for all participants rating the 16 scenarios the first time. M²is the mean and SD² is the standard deviation for all participants rating the 16 scenarios the second time after reviewing one of the four interventions.

Table 3. Pre-test (M¹) Post-test (M²) Means per Item by Treatment Group

M^1	SD^1	M^2	SD^2	t	df	p	Δ	d
Magazine
1. Autistic child	4.47	1.33	4.43	1.35	0.19	134	.85	.04	.03
2. Small gift	3.81	1.57	3.60	1.41	0.81	134	.42	.21	.14
3. Attend big event	3.13	1.43	3.03	1.39	0.43	134	.67	.10	.07
4. Go to movie	1.24	0.52	1.38	0.62	−1.49	130	.14	−.14	.24
5. Counseling in client’s home	3.38	1.61	3.46	1.58	−0.27	134	.79	−.08	.05
6. Ask client in front of family	1.10	0.63	1.10	0.46	0.00	134	1.0	.00	.00
7. Service for payment	2.31	1.48	2.37	1.49	−0.23	134	.82	−.06	.04
8. Hug clients	3.35	1.09	3.54	1.23	−0.96	134	.34	−.19	.16
9. Business partnership	1.21	0.66	1.38	0.75	−1.45	132	.15	−.17	.24
10. Yelp.com rating	1.53	0.92	1.62	0.95	−0.55	134	.58	−.09	.10
11. Attend medical procedure	3.09	1.39	3.32	1.44	−0.97	134	.33	−.23	.16
12. Discuss marriage difficulties	1.91	1.21	2.09	1.24	−0.84	134	.40	−.18	.15
13. Client becomes employee	1.44	0.82	1.40	0.83	0.31	134	.76	.34	.05
14. Bill insurance not scheduled	1.06	0.29	1.10	0.55	−0.58	134	.56	−.04	.09
15. Stays in counselor’s home	1.15	0.58	1.13	0.42	0.17	134	.87	.02	.04
16. Sex with client	1.04	0.36	1.04	0.27	0.00	134	1.0	.00	.00
ACA
1. Autistic child	4.65	1.34	4.38	1.35	1.17	130	.25	.27	.20
2. Small gift	3.77	1.39	4.17	1.22	−1.73	130	.09	−.40	.31
3. Attend big event	2.77	1.32	2.82	1.24	−0.20	130	.84	−.05	.04
4. Go to movie	1.14	0.43	1.24	0.53	−1.27	124	.21	−.10	.21
5. Counseling in client’s home	4.02	1.57	3.67	1.49	1.31	130	.19	.35	.23
6. Ask client in front of family	1.03	0.17	1.08	0.27	−1.16	111	.25	−.05	.22
7. Service for payment	2.29	1.44	2.89	1.58	−2.30	130	.02	−.60	.40*
8. Hug clients	3.65	1.16	3.41	1.32	1.12	130	.27	.24	.19
9. Business partnership	1.21	0.67	1.17	0.45	0.46	130	.65	.04	.07
10. Yelp.com rating	1.65	1.05	1.74	1.13	−0.48	130	.63	−.09	.08
11. Attend medical procedure	2.91	1.31	3.02	1.32	−0.46	130	.64	−.11	.08
12. Discuss marriage difficulties	1.92	1.13	1.88	1.18	0.23	130	.82	.04	.03
13. Client becomes employee	1.41	0.68	1.42	0.81	−0.12	130	.91	−.01	.01
14. Bill insurance not scheduled	1.06	0.30	1.02	0.12	1.15	87	.25	.04	.18
15. Stays in counselor’s home	1.15	0.50	1.12	0.41	0.38	130	.71	.03	.07
16. Sex with client	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	–	–	–	–	–
Gottlieb
1. Autistic child	4.44	1.25	4.20	1.47	0.97	126	.33	.24	.18
2. Small gift	3.53	1.41	3.34	1.30	0.78	126	.44	.19	.14
3. Attend big event	2.25	1.30	2.58	1.31	−0.27	126	.79	−.33	.25
4. Go to movie	1.14	0.43	1.30	0.66	−1.59	109	.12	−.16	.29
5. Counseling in client’s home	3.44	1.56	3.28	1.62	0.56	126	.58	.16	.10
6. Ask client in front of family	1.00	0.00	1.08	0.32	−1.93	63	.06	−.08	.35
7. Service for payment	2.13	1.27	2.20	1.28	−0.35	126	.73	−.07	.05
8. Hug clients	3.20	1.09	3.20	1.09	0.00	126	1.0	.00	.00
9. Business partnership	1.17	0.58	1.31	0.87	−1.08	110	.28	−.14	.19
10. Yelp.com rating	1.45	0.85	1.50	0.82	−0.32	126	.75	−.05	.06
11. Attend medical procedure	3.00	1.33	3.31	1.41	−1.29	126	.20	−.31	.23
12. Discuss marriage difficulties	1.66	1.01	1.77	1.18	−0.56	126	.57	−.11	.10
13. Client becomes employee	1.20	0.51	1.30	0.68	−0.88	126	.38	−.10	.17
14. Bill insurance not scheduled	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	–	–	–	–	–
15. Stays in counselor’s home	1.11	0.44	1.13	0.38	−0.22	126	.83	−.02	.05
16. Sex with client	1.00	0.00	1.02	0.13	−1.00	63	.32	−.02	.22
Kitchener
1. Autistic child	4.51	1.38	4.69	1.25	−0.80	128	.43	−.18	.14
2. Small gift	4.02	1.54	3.91	1.31	0.43	128	.67	.11	.08
3. Attend big event	2.85	1.24	2.75	1.40	0.40	128	.69	.10	.08
4. Go to movie	1.23	0.55	1.46	0.83	−1.87	111	.07	−.23	.33
5. Counseling in client’s home	3.57	1.49	3.63	1.50	−0.24	128	.82	−.06	.04
6. Ask client in front of family	1.15	0.71	1.12	0.42	0.30	128	.76	.03	.05
7. Service for payment	2.55	1.39	2.78	1.57	−0.89	128	.38	−.23	.16
8. Hug clients	3.62	1.23	3.55	1.25	0.28	128	.78	.07	.06
9. Business partnership	1.22	0.67	1.49	0.90	−1.98	118	.05	−.27	.34*
10. Yelp.com rating	1.55	0.94	1.58	1.01	−0.18	128	.86	−.03	.03
11. Attend medical procedure	2.92	1.33	3.02	1.45	−0.38	128	.71	−.10	.07
12. Discuss marriage difficulties	1.68	1.00	1.85	1.16	−0.89	128	.38	−.17	.16
13. Client becomes employee	1.29	0.55	1.42	0.83	−1.00	111	.32	−.13	.18
14. Bill insurance not scheduled	1.11	0.47	1.06	0.30	0.67	128	.51	.05	.13
15. Stays in counselor’s home	1.18	0.56	1.35	0.82	−1.38	113	.17	−.17	.24
16. Sex with client	1.00	0.00	1.00	0.00	–	–	–	–	–

*significant with small effect size, but does not meet the Holm’s Sequential Bonferroni Procedure cutoff

M¹ is the mean and SD¹ is the standard deviation for participants in each treatment group rating the 16 scenarios the first time. M²is the mean and SD² is the standard deviation for participants in each treatment group rating the 16 scenarios the second time after reviewing one of the four treatment conditions

Δ is the change from the pre-test mean to the post-test mean for each item by treatment group

Table 4. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U Post-Test Differences Among Treatment Groups

	MdnA	MdnM	MdnG	MdnK	x^2	N	df	p	η^2
1. Autistic child	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	3.89	263	3	.27
2. Small gift	4.0	4.0	3.5	4.0	14.11	263	3	<.01	.05 weak
3. Attend big event	3.0	3.0	2.0	2.0	3.44	263	3	.33
4. Go to movie	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	3.63	263	3	.31
5. Counseling in client’s home	4.0	4.0	3.0	4.0	2.81	263	3	.42
6. Ask client in front of family	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.65	263	3	.89
7. Service for payment	3.0	2.0	2.0	2.5	8.58	263	3	.04	.03 weak
8. Hug clients	4.0	4.0	3.0	4.0	5.07	263	3	.17
9. Business partnership	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	5.82	263	3	.12
10. Yelp.com rating	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.12	263	3	.77
11. Attend medical procedure	3.0	4.0	3.0	3.0	2.88	263	3	.41
12. Discuss marriage difficulties	1.0	2.0	1.0	1.0	3.00	263	3	.39
13. Client becomes employee	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	0.98	263	3	.81
14. Bill insurance not scheduled	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	3.86	263	3	.28
15. Stays in counselor’s home	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	5.01	263	3	.17
16. Sex with client	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	3.56	263	3	.31
Helpfulness of Intervention	2.0	3.0	2.0	2.0	21.39	263	3	<.01	.08 moderate
Use Intervention in the Future	2.0	3.0	2.0	2.0	50.01	263	3	<.01	.19 strong

MdnA = Median for ACA Group, MdnM = Median for Magazine Group, MdnG = Median for Gottlieb Group, MdnK = Median for Kitchener Group