The effects of spaced versus massed distribution instruction on EFL learners’ vocabulary recall and retention

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics Results Comparing SDG, MG and CDG Mean Scores on the Pretests

	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error
SG	25	14.04	1.65	.33
MG	25	13.44	1.26	.25
CG	25	13.92	1.70	.34
Total	75	13.80	1.55	.17

Note. SDG (Spaced Distribution Group); MDG (Massed Distribution Group); CG (Control Group) p > 0.05

Table 2. Results of One-Way ANOVA for Comparing SDG, MDG and CG Mean Scores on the Pretests

	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	5.04	2	2.52	1.04	.35
Within Groups	173.46	72	2.40
Total	178.50	74

Table 3. Descriptive Statistics Results Comparing SDG, MDG and CG Mean Scores on the Posttest

	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error
SDG	25	17.62	1.16	.23
MDG	25	15.62	1.76	.35
CG	25	14.12	2.06	.41
Total	75	15.78	2.21	.25

Table 4. Results of One-Way ANOVA for Comparing SDG, MDG and CG Mean Scores on the Posttest

	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	154.16	2	77.08	26.43	.00
Within Groups	209.92	72	2.91
Total	364.08	74

Table 5. Results of the Scheffe Post-Hoc Test for Comparing SDG, MDG, and CG Mean Scores on the Posttests

(I) Groups	(J) Groups	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
SDG	MDG	2.00	.48	.00	.79	3.20
	CG	3.50	.48	.00	2.29	4.70
MDG	SDG	−2.00	.48	.00	−3.20	−.79
	CG	1.50	.48	.01	.29	2.70
CG	SDG	−3.50	.48	.00	−4.70	−2.29
	MDG	−1.50	.48	.01	−2.70	−.29

Note: Statistically significant at 0.05 level

Table 6. Descriptive Statistics Results Comparing SDG, MDG, and CG Mean Scores on the Delayed Posttest

	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error
SDG	25	16.32	.88	.17
MDG	25	14.66	2.00	.40
CG	25	13.06	2.64	.52
Total	75	14.68	2.37	.27

Table 7. Results of One-Way ANOVA for Comparing SDG, MDG, and CG Mean Scores on the Delayed Posttest

	Sum of Squares	df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Between Groups	132.86	2	66.43	16.90	.00
Within Groups	282.96	72	3.93
Total	415.82	74

Table 8. Results of the Scheffe Post-Hoc Test for Comparing SDG, MDG, and CG Mean Scores on the Delayed Posttest

(I) Groups	(J) Groups	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.	95% Confidence Interval
					Lower Bound	Upper Bound
SDG	MDG	1.66	.56	.01	.25	3.06
	CG	3.26	.56	.00	1.85	4.66
MDG	SDG	−1.66	.56	.01	−3.06	−.25
	CG	1.60	.56	.02	.19	3.00
CG	SDG	−3.26	.56	.00	−4.66	−1.85
	MG	−1.60	.56	.02	−3.00	−.19

Note: Statistically significant at 0.05 level