An account of EFL learners’ listening comprehension and critical thinking in the flipped classroom model

Figures & data

Table 1. One-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test of both groups

	Kolmogorov-Smirnov^a
	Statistic	df.	Sig.
Experimental pretest	.16	20	.19
Experimental posttest	.32	20	.20
Control pretest	.28	20	.09
Control posttest	.23	20	.11

Table 2. Descriptive statistics of both groups

	Groups	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Pretest	Experimental Group	20	13.47	1.73	.38
	Control Group	20	12.57	1.80	.40
Posttest	Experimental Group	20	16.05	.75	.16
	Control Group	20	13.15	2.29	.51

Table 3. Independent samples t test (Pretest of both groups)

		Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances		t test for Equality of Means
		F	Sig.	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)	Mean Difference	Std. Error Difference	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
									Lower	Upper
Pretest	Equal variances assumed	.58	.44	1.60	38	.11	.90	.56	−.23	2.03
Posttest	Equal variances assumed	36.45	.00	5.36	38	.00	2.90	.54	1.80	3.99

Table 4. Paired Samples t Test of both Groups

		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
					Lower	Upper
Pair 1	Exp. post—exp. pre	2.67	1.85	.41	1.80	3.54	6.43	19	.00
Pair 2	Cont. post—cont. pre	.62	1.44	.32	−.04	1.29	1.94	19	.06

Table 5. Descriptive Statistics for Comparing the Critical Thinking Questionnaire Scores Before and After the Treatment

		Mean	N	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean
Pair 1	Critical thinking questionnaire before treatment	76.60	20	27.64	5.04
	Critical thinking questionnaire after treatment	101.27	20	28.53	5.20

Table 6. One-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test for Critical Thinking Questionnaire

		Critical thinking scores before treatment	Critical thinking scores after treatment
N		20	20
Normal Parameters^a	Mean	76.60	78.50
	Std. Deviation	27.64	26.48
Most Extreme Differences	Absolute	.13	.14
	Positive	.10	.10
	Negative	−.13	−.14
Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z		.72	.79
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)		.66	.55
a. Test distribution is Normal.

Table 7. Results of the Paired Samples T Test for Comparing Scores of Critical Thinking Questionnaire

		Paired Differences					t	df	Sig. (2-tailed)
		Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error Mean	95% Confidence Interval of the Difference
					Lower	Upper
Pair 1	Critical thinking questionnaire pretest critical thinking questionnaire posttest	−2.46	37.80	6.90	−38.78	−10.55	−3.57	29	.00