Is gender-bias in textbooks spilled over from schools to universities? Evidence from Ethiopian university English language course textbooks

Figures & data

Table 1. Gender representation in language use

Gender	Frequency (n)	%	Chi-square
Male	233	61
Female	148	39	18.96**
Total	381	100

**p < 0.01; df = 1.

Table 2. Gender representation in pictures/images used in the material

Gender	Frequency (%)
	Frequency (n)	%
Female	8	50
Male	8	50
Total	16	100

Figure 1. A Man and several women depicted spinning to make cotton trades

(Source: Communicative English I, p. 42)

Figure 2. A Surma girl depicted going to the market (Southern Ethiopia). Source: Communicative English I, p. 42

Table 3. Firstness in dialogues and sentences (N = 23)

Gender	Frequency (n)	%	Chi-square
Female	9	39	1.08(p = 0.30; ns*)
Male	14	61
Total	23	100	1

*ns = Not significant; df = 1.

Table 4. Occupations represented by men and women

No.	Sex of the actor	Description of occupation	Page no. (part)
1	Female	Company worker	18(I)*
2		Fashion models	36 (I)
3		Artist	39(I)
4		Psychologist	38(II)
5		Celebrity	67(II)
6		Athlete	24 (I)
7	Male	Tourist	32 (I)
8		Football Player	39(I)
9		Administrator/Manager	43(I)
10		Development consultant	43(I)
11		Scientist	23(II)
12		Farmer	37(II)
13		Medical Doctor	38(II)
14		President	52(II)

Note: (*) Refers the locations in parts I or II of the course textbooks.

Source: Based textbook analysis dat.a

Table 5. Professions that symbolize men and women

Women	Men
Artist	Manager
Athlete	Farmer
Company Worker	Tourist
Celebrity	Scientist
Cultural model	Football Player
Psychologist	Development Consultant
	Medical Doctor
	President

Source: Based textbook analysis data.