Revolutionizing educational landscapes: A systematic review of Metaverse applications, paradigms and emerging technologies

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison between this paper and other reviews

	Wang et al. (2018)	Ibanez and Delgado-Kloos (2018)	Radianti et al. (2020)	Tlili et al. (2022)	This paper
Time span	1997–2017	2010–2017	2016–2018	2007–2021	2013–2022
Database	Scopus, Web of Science	Web of science, Scopus	Web of science, Scopus, ProQuest	Web of science, Scopus	Web of science, Scopus
Inclusion key words	Virtual reality, virtual environment, Augmented reality, 3D, Game	Augmented reality, Education, Learning, STEM, Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics	Virtual reality, Education, Learning, Training, Teaching, Higher education, University, College	Metaverse, Education, Learning, Teaching	Metaverse, Education, Learning, Teaching
Exclusion key words	NA	NA	Machine learning, Deep learning, Artificial intelligence, Neural network, Rehabilitation, Therapy	NA	Medical practice, Health care, Review, Meta-analysis
Number of papers reviewed	66	28	38	81	90
Types of Metaverse	Virtual reality Augmented reality	Augmented reality	Virtual reality	Augmented reality, Lifelogging, Mirror worlds, Virtual reality	Augmented reality, Lifelogging, Mirror worlds, Virtual reality
Educational level	Higher education Professional education	STEM	Higher education	Elementary, Secondary, Higher education	Elementary, Secondary, Higher education, Professional education
Focus	VR and VR-related technologies and applications; Implementation areas; Construction engineering education and training	General characteristics; Design features; Instructional processes; Measured outcomes	Immersion; Application areas; Teaching content; Design elements; Methods and theories; Evaluation	Trend of Metaverse; Types of Metaverse; Educational field, level, and learning scenarios within the Metaverse; Digital identity; Evolution of Metaverse	Factor research; Paradigms; Platforms; Infrastructure; Advancing technologies

Table 2. Search source and search string

Search Source: Web of Science, Scopus
Search String:
(Metaverse)
AND
(education OR teaching OR learning)
NOT
(medical practice OR health care OR review OR meta-analysis)

Figure 1. Three steps of removal of articles.

Figure 2. Number of included articles by country.

Figure 3. Number of included articles (n = 90) by publisher.

Figure 4. Map of keywords contained in the articles.

Table 3. Summary of articles conducts empirical analysis (experiment)

Research objective	Affected factors	Influencing factors	Experiment design & model	Paper
Willingness	Sense of interactivity, immersion and cognition	Metaverse-powered experiential situational teaching	CNNs-RNNs fusion model	Guo and Gao (2022)
	Learning satisfaction	Self-determination Information system quality	Self-determination theory, Information systems success model, Technology acceptance model	Gim et al. (2022)
Learning efficiency	Learning effectiveness	Intelligence network Situational learning Project-based learning	PBL virtual reality course	Chang et al. (2022)
	Cognitive effectiveness	Internet speed	One-way ANOVA Effectiveness index	Pigultong(2022)
Improvement of ability	Social communication abilities	Biometric information	Wearable devices/The Metaverse-based social skills training program	J. Lee et al. (2022)
	Interpersonal effectiveness	Improvement framework (ELAINE)	Avatars, AI+VR	Nagendran et al. (2022)

Table 4. Summary of articles conducts empirical analysis (questionnaire)

Research Question	Affected factors	Influencing factors	Paper
Willingness	Users’ intention to use Metaverse system.	Perceived usefulness	Akour et al. (2022)
		Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived usefulness	Alawadhi et al. (2022)
		User satisfaction	Almarzouqi et al. (2022)
		Perceived usefulness, Perceived enjoyment, Perceived ease to use	Kim et al. (2022)
	Acceptance level of AR	Performance expectancy, Hedonic motivation, Habit	Sunardi et al. (2022)
	Learning motivation/achievements	Smartphone application/AR quizzes	Çelik and Yangın Ersanlı (2022), Marini et al. (2022), Sofianidis (2022)
	Confidence in the future use of Metaverse	Popularizing Metaverse information, Existing technological levels, Technological development speed	Yue (2022)
Learning efficiency	Learning success	Habits, Attitudes	Yang et al. (2022)
		Technology adoption, Online learning system	Khansulivong et al. (2022)
	Learning efficiency	Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, Social influence, Facilitating conditions	Teng et al. (2022)
Improvement of ability	4C	AR-Making experiences	Lee and Hwang (2022)
	Engagement/interaction	Immersive media	Erturk and Reynolds (2020)
		Social media	Frania et al. (2022)

Table 5. Paradigms of Metaverse application in education

Paradigms		Description of Structure
Strategy	MOOCs 5.0	Better: universal access, learner engagement, adaptive learning, Greater: collaboration, security, curiosity
	EEDI	Encourage: discussionsEnhance: problem-solvingDevelop: practical skills and collaborationsIntegrate: subjects into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications. Enhance: problem-solving Develop: practical skills and collaborations Integrate: subjects into a cohesive learning paradigm based on real-world applications.
	Scrum	Delivery of products (courses) with a maximum possible value under an incremental iterative approach
Framework	ELEM	Layers: user, devices, and Metaverse components
	FLMA	Layers: data acquisition, technology, model building, application
	IKRT	Hubs: instructional design and performance technology, Knowledge, Research and technology, Talent and training
	RISC	Ecologies: resource, interaction, space, collaboration

Table 6. Summary of platforms

Type	Name	Owner	Way of use	Paper
Non-profit	OpenSim	Open source	Dynamic simulations of movement	Alvaro-Farfan et al. (2019), Delp et al. (2007)
	Sloodle	Open source	3D virtual environment LMS	Alvaro-Farfan et al. (2019), Sghaier et al. (2022)
	Second life	Open source	Avatar and social interaction	Cheong (2010), Gregory (2011), Zhu et al. (2007)
	VoRtex	Open source	Support collaborative learning activities	Jovanovic and Milosavljevic (2022)
	Erasmus + XR4Ped	European educational institutions	VR+AR+XR	Mangina et al. (2022)
	iU-GJ	Korean university and government	Shared learning environment	Jeong et al. (2022)
	USALSIM	University of Salamanca	A work placement simulator	Lucas et al. (2013))
	VWFSEUC	University of Cundinamarca	Streamline the access to information	Diaz (2020)
Commercial	Minecraft	Microsoft	Sandbox game	Baek et al. (2020), Callaghan (2016), Short (2012)
	Zepeto	NAVER Z Corp	Avatar and social interaction	Lee et al. (2022)
	Meta Horizon Workrooms	Meta	Remote collaboration	Hedrick et al. (2022)

Table 7. Software and supportive hardware in Metaverse

Software	Function	Hardware
VRAM	Immersive learning environment	Helmets
ERTC	3D demonstration and interaction	3D display device
DIWB	A collective virtual shared space	Interactive whiteboard
Eye blinking system	Detecting emotional response	Web-camera video

Figure 5. Meta-AI in education.

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