Investigating the role of parental involvement in enhancing academic performance of tertiary students: evidence from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents.

Variable	Freq	Percent	Variable	Freq	Percent
PAVI			GEN
Regular	216	35.24	Male	367	59.87
Not regular	397	64.76	Female	246	40.13
ENC			TATT
Yes	573	93.47	Attend	392	63.95
No	40	6.53	Do not attend	221	36.05
CALL			PLW
Regular	495	80.75	Biological parent	505	83.38
Not regular	116	19.25	Other	108	17.62
GROUP			PSS
Yes	459	74.88	Yes	449	73.25
No	154	25.12	No	164	26.75
	Mean	Std. Dev	Minimum	Maximum
CWA	66.8599	5.4280	34.7	94.6
AGE (in years)	21.4829	1.5951	17	30

Note: CWA = cumulative weighted average; PAVI = parental visit; ENC = encouragement; CALL = calling of wards; GROUP = belonging to a group on campus; GEN = gender; AGE = Age of respondents; TATT = tutorials attendance; PLW = person living with; PSS = personal study schedule.

Source: Authors’ estimation.

Table 2. Multicollinearity and reliability test results.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
(1) CWA	1.000
(2) PAVI	0.038	1.000
(3) ENC	0.134	0.070	1.000
(4) CALL	0.028	−0.074	−0.411	1.000
(5) GROUP	0.111	0.002	0.091	−0.041	1.000
(6) GEN	0.005	−0.162	−0.082	0.059	−0.029	1.000
(7) AGE	−0.097	−0.088	−0.123	0.050	−0.041	0.217	1.000
(8) TATT	0.047	0.028	0.022	−0.003	0.082	−0.046	0.064	1.000
(9) PLW	0.059	0.018	0.155	−0.219	0.058	0.014	−0.111	−0.053	1.000
(10) PSS	0.026	0.099	0.004	0.014	0.049	−0.104	0.089	0.137	−0.028	1.000

Note: CWA = cumulative weighted average; PAVI = parental visit; ENC = encouragement; CALL = calling of wards; GROUP = belonging to a group on campus; GEN = gender; AGE = Age of respondents; TATT = tutorials attendance; PLW = person living with; PSS = personal study schedule.

Source: Authors’ estimation.

Table 3. The effect of parental involvement on academic performance.

Variable	Coefficient	Std. Err	t-Statistic	P-Value
PAVI (Not regular)
Regular	0.005	0.007	0.760	0.450
ENC (No)
Yes	0.061	0.016	3.810	0.000
CALL (Not regular)
Regular	0.046	0.016	2.920	0.004
GROUP (No)
Yes	0.018	0.008	2.250	0.025
GEN (Female)
Male	0.007	0.007	0.980	0.328
AGE (in years)	−0.098	0.048	−2.030	0.043
TATT (Does not attend)
Attend	0.007	0.007	1.050	0.293
PLW (Not biological parent)
Biological parents	0.011	0.009	1.190	0.234
PSS (No)
Yes	0.004	0.008	0.580	0.565
Constant	4.404	0.150	29.280	0.000
Observation	613
F-statistic	3.72
Prob > F	0.0000

Note: The dependent variable is CWA (cumulative weighted average); PAVI = parental visit; ENC = encouragement; CALL = calling of wards; GROUP = belonging to a group on campus; GEN = gender; AGE = Age of respondents; TATT = tutorials attendance; PLW = person living with; PSS = personal study schedule; the log form of CWA and AGE is used for the regression; items in parenthesis are the reference categories.

Source: Authors’ estimation.

Data availability statement

The data for this analysis is available on request from the corresponding author.