Measuring outrage through a quantitative study of Iraqi immigrants in Michigan

Figures & data

Table 1. Study sample

Sample demographics (n = 84)
Age
18–28	16 (19%)
29–39	29 (35%)
40–50	18 (28%)
51–61	14 (17%)
61+	7 (8%)
Sex
Male	26 (31%)
Female	58 (69%)
Location
Sterling heights	57 (68%)
Dearborn	27 (32%)

Note: Data are based on surveys that were conducted March–November 2015.

Source: Adapted from “A concurrent mixed method study exploring Iraqi immigrants’ views of Michigan hazards,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Adapted with permission.

Table 2. Mean and median outrage scores for the top five hazards in Michigan (n = 84)

	Mean	Median
Severe tornado	28.5	28.0
Pandemic influenza	26.7	27.0
Power outage	23.7	24.0
Snowstorm	31.7	32.0
Severe flood	28.3	29.0

Note: Data are based on surveys that were conducted March–November 2015.

Source: Reprinted from “A concurrent mixed method study exploring Iraqi immigrants’ views of Michigan hazards,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Reprinted with permission.

Table 3. Michigan hazard frequency from 2004 to 2014

	Total occurrences per 10 years	Hazard frequency per year
Severe tornado^a	76	7.6
Pandemic influenza^b	1	0.1
Power outage^c	84	8.4
Snowstorm^d	188	18.8
Severe flood^e	80	8

Source: Adapted from “Exploring how Iraqi immigrants view five top hazards in Michigan through a concurrent mixed method study,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Adapted with permission.

^a From the National Climate Data Center. Michigan number of days with the event—Tornado.

^b From the World Health Organization. Global Influenza Programme—Evolution of a pandemic A(H1N1) 2009.

^c From the US Department of Energy. Number of Events—Power Outages—Michigan.

^d From the National Climate Data Center. Michigan number of days with the event—Winter Storm.

^e From the National Climate Data Center. Michigan number of days with the event—Flood.

Table 4. Post hoc test—Tukey HSD—hazard comparison

(I) Hazard	(J) Hazard	Mean difference (I − J)	Std. error	Sig.	95% confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Tornado (1.0)	2.0	6.8182^*	1.9273	0.008	1.364	12.272
	3.0	−0.7273	1.9273	0.996	−6.181	4.727
	4.0	−10.1818^*	1.9273	0.000	−15.636	−4.728
	5.0	−0.3636	1.9273	1.000	−5.817	5.090
Pandemic influenza (2.0)	1.0	−6.8182^*	1.9273	0.008	−12.272	−1.364
	3.0	−7.5455^*	1.9273	0.002	−12.999	−2.092
	4.0	−17.0000^*	1.9273	0.000	−22.454	−11.546
	5.0	−7.1818^*	1.9273	0.004	−12.636	−1.728
Power outage (3.0)	1.0	0.7273	1.9273	0.996	−4.727	6.181
	2.0	7.5455^*	1.9273	0.002	2.092	12.999
	4.0	−9.4545^*	1.9273	0.000	−14.908	−4.001
	5.0	0.3636	1.9273	1.000	−5.090	5.817
Snowstorm (4.0)	1.0	10.1818^*	1.9273	0.000	4.728	15.636
	2.0	17.0000^*	1.9273	0.000	11.546	22.454
	3.0	9.4545^*	1.9273	0.000	4.001	14.908
	5.0	9.8182^*	1.9273	0.000	4.364	15.272
Severe flood (5.0)	1.0	0.3636	1.9273	1.000	−5.090	5.817
	2.0	7.1818^*	1.9273	0.004	1.728	12.636
	3.0	−0.3636	1.9273	1.000	−5.817	5.090
	4.0	−9.8182^*	1.9273	0.000	−15.272	−4.364

Source: Reprinted from “a concurrent mixed method study exploring Iraqi immigrants’ views of Michigan hazards,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Reprinted with permission.

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 5. Total risk for the top five hazards in Michigan utilizing the risk = hazard + outrage equation (n = 84)

	Hazard frequency per year	Mean outrage score	Total risk
Severe tornado	7.6	28.5	36.1
Pandemic influenza	0.1	26.7	26.8
Power outage	8.4	23.7	32.1
Snowstorm	18.8	31.7	50.5
Severe flood	8.0	28.3	36.3

Note: Data are based on surveys that were conducted March–November 2015.

Source: Reprinted from “A concurrent mixed method study exploring Iraqi immigrants’ views of Michigan hazards,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Reprinted with permission.

Table 6. Post hoc test—Tukey HSD—hazard and outrage comparison

(I) Hazard	(J) Hazard	Mean difference (I − J)	Std. error	Sig.	95% confidence interval
					Lower bound	Upper bound
Tornado (1)	2	1.929^*	0.483	0.001	0.60	3.25
	3	4.845^*	0.483	0.000	3.52	6.17
	4	−3.167^*	0.483	0.000	−4.49	−1.84
	5	0.190	0.483	0.995	−1.13	1.51
Pandemic influenza (2)	1	−1.929^*	0.483	0.001	−3.25	−0.60
	3	2.917^*	0.483	0.000	1.59	4.24
	4	−5.095^*	0.483	0.000	−6.42	−3.77
	5	−1.738^*	0.483	0.003	−3.06	−0.41
Power outage (3)	1	−4.845^*	0.483	0.000	−6.17	−3.52
	2	−2.917^*	0.483	0.000	−4.24	−1.59
	4	−8.012^*	0.483	0.000	−9.34	−6.69
	5	−4.655^*	0.483	0.000	−5.98	−3.33
Snowstorm (4)	1	3.167^*	0.483	0.000	1.84	4.49
	2	5.095^*	0.483	0.000	3.77	6.42
	3	8.012^*	0.483	0.000	6.69	9.34
	5	3.357^*	0.483	0.000	2.03	4.68
Severe flood (5)	1	−0.190	0.483	0.995	−1.51	1.13
	2	1.738^*	0.483	0.003	0.41	3.06
	3	4.655^*	0.483	0.000	3.33	5.98
	4	−3.357^*	0.483	0.000	−4.68	−2.03

Source: Reprinted from “A concurrent mixed method study exploring Iraqi immigrants’ views of Michigan hazards,” by K. L. Chamberlain, 2016. Reprinted with permission.

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.