Using a mixed-method approach to explore the spatiality of adaptation practices of tomato farmers to climate variability in the Offinso North District, Ghana

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area.

Table 1. Study communities and their respective total number of farmers and sample sizes

Study communities	No. of farmers	Percentage (%)	Proportionate sample
	(N)	[No./Total × 100]	Percentage/100 × Total sample size
Akomadan	2,966	2,966/7,063 × 100 = 42	42/100 × 378 = 159
Afrancho	2,754	2,754/7,063 × 100 = 39	39/100 × 378 = 147
Nkenkaasu	1,343	1,343/7,063 × 100 = 19	19/100 × 378 = 72
Total	7,063	100	378

Source: Authors Fieldwork (2014).

Table 2. Perceptions of climate variability

Perceptions of climate variability	Increase	Decrease
	N (%)	N (%)
High temperature	341 (90.2)	37 (9.8)
Low and unpredictable rainfall	48 (12.7)	330 (87.3)
Incidence of flooding	219 (57.9)	159 (42.1)
Protracted drought	333 (88.1)	45 (11.9)
High intensity of solar radiation	281 (74.6)	97 (25.4)

Table 3. Tomato farmers’ adaptation strategies

Farmers adaptation strategies	Akomadan		Afrancho		Nkenkaasu		Total
	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Changes in farm location	60	99	38	109	20	52	118	260
	(37.7)	(62.3)	(25.9)	(74.1)	(27.8)	(72.2)	(31.0)	(69.0)
Changes in crop variety	30	129	33	114	16	56	79	299
	(18.9)	(81.1)	(22.5)	(77.6)	(22.2)	(77.8)	(20.9)	(79.1)
Crop diversification	123	36	96	51	52	20	271	107
	(77.4)	(22.6)	(65.3)	(34.7)	(72.2)	(27.8)	(71.7)	(28.3)
Application of agro-chemicals	159	0	147	0	72	0	379	0
	(100)	(0)	(100)	(0)	(100)	(0)	(100)	(0)
Irrigation	52	107	28	119	22	50	102	276
	(32.7)	(67.3)	(19.0)	(81)	(30.6)	(69.4)	(27.0)	(73.0)
Mixed cropping	139	20	113	34	49	23	301	77
	(87.4)	(12.6)	(76.9)	(23.1)	(68.1)	(31.9)	(79.6)	(20.4)
Diversification to non-farm activities	87	72	40	107	22	50	149	229
	(54.7)	(45.3)	(27.2)	(72.8)	(30.6)	(69.4)	(39.4)	(60.6)
Migration	50	109	44	103	39	33	133	245
	(31.4)	(68.6)	(30.0)	(70.1)	(54.2)	(45.8)	(35.2)	(64.8)

Source: Field data (2014).

Table 4. Spatial determinant of adaptation practices

Variables	Akomadan	Afrancho	Nkenkaasu
	β (Sig-p.)	β (Sig-p.)	β (Sig-p.)
Crop diversification	2.639 (.011)	−1.946 (.074)	−2.329 (.036)
Diversification to non-farm activities	2.079 (.050)	−2.159 (.057)	−1.912 (.093)
Application of agro-chemicals	3.611 (.000)	2.462 (.002)	2.512 (.001)
Mixed cropping	2.485 (.017)	−1.523 (.162)	−1.705 (.122)
Changing crop variety	−16.054 (.000)	16.434 (.000)	16.988 (.001)
Irrigation	3.471 (.005)	2.321 (.068)	2.422 (.004)
Changing farm location	−16.293 (.000)	16.368 (.001)	17.031 (.000)

Note: Reference category: migration.