Mapping research on health topics presented in prime-time TV dramas in “developed” countries: A literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Literature search and study selection process.

Figure 2. Trend in media-effects research (by constructs of communication process).

Table 1. Characteristics of content portrayals in 29 studies

Authors (year)	Drama names*	Health topics**	Type of analysis
Bioethics and professionalism
Czarny et al. (2010)	Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	Bioethics and professionalism	QA
Hirt et al. (2013)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D., Scrubs	Medical education	QU
Pro-healthy and pro-social behaviors
Gordon et al. (1998)	Cardiac Arrest (UK), Casualty (UK), Medics (UK)	CPR	QA
Van den Bulck and Damiaans (2004)	Spoed (Belgium)	CPR	QA
Harris and Willoughby (2009)	Casualty (UK), ER, Grey’s Anatomy, Holby City (UK)	CPR	QA
Hinkelbein et al. (2014)	ER	CPR	QA
Moeller et al. (2011)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D., Private Practice	Seizure first aid	QA
Harbaugh et al. (2011)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D., Mercy, Miami Medical, Private Practice, Scrubs, Three Rivers, Trauma	Organ donation and transplantation	QA
Unhealthy and anti-social behaviors
Wallack, Grube, Madden, and Breed (1990)	NA	Alcohol drinking	QA
Kanda et al. (2006)	NA, Dramas aired in Japan	Smoking	QA
Illness
Arrington and Goodier (2004);	NYPD Blue	Prostate cancer	QU
Van den Bulck and Damiaans (2004)	Spoed(Belgium)	Cardiovascular disease	QA
Gordon et al. (1998)	Cardiac Arrest (UK), Casualty (UK), Medics (UK)	Cardiovascular disease	QA
Hetsroni (2009)	Chicago Hope, ER, Grey’s Anatomy	Illness in general	QA
Ye and Ward (2010)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy	Illness in general	QA
Medicine and healthcare system
Harter and Japp (2001)	Chicago Hope, ER	Medical technology	QU
Lepofsky et al. (2006)	ER	Modern health care	QU
Rich et al. (2008)	House M.D.	Modern health care	QU
Foss (2011)	Chicago Hope, ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	Medical error	QA
People (HCP)
Henderson and Franklin (2007)	Holby City (UK), Hollyoaks (UK), The Bill (UK)	Social care professional	QA
Rich et al. (2008)	House M.D.	Physician	QU
Khiun (2011)	White Tower (Japan), White Tower (South Korea), White Tower (Taiwan)	Physicians	QU
Strauman and Goodier (2011)	House M.D.	Physicians	QU
Washington (2012)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy	HCPs	QU
Jain and Slater (2013)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	HCPs	QA
Sheridan and O’Sullivan (2013)	Bodies (UK)	Healthcare management	QU
People (non-HCP)
Wilson et al. (1999)	Dangerfield (UK), Halifax f.p. (AU), Heartbeat (UK), Casualty (UK), Peak Practice (UK), Cracker (UK), Blue Heelers (AU), The Bill (UK), Cover Story (NZ)	Patients (Mental illness)	QA
Greenberg et al. (2003)	NA	Obese characters	QA
Batchelor et al. (2004)	Dawson’s Creek	Sexuality in young people	QU
Kessler et al. (2004)	NA, Dramas aired in Germany	Elders	QA
Primack et al. (2012)	ER	Patients admitted to Emergency Department	QA
Hetsroni (2009)	ER, Chicago Hope, Grey’s Anatomy	Patients in general	QA
Patient-HCP communication
Goodier and Arrington (2007);	NYPD Blue	Patient-HCP communication	QU
Jain and Slater (2013)	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	Patient-HCP communication	QA

Notes: HCP = Health Care Professional; CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation; QA = quantitative; QU = qualitative.

* Country of creation is US unless otherwise indicated.

** Some studies had more than two topics of content portrayal.

Table 2. Actual status of audience knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (N = 17)

Authors (year)	Audience	Drama title, if mentioned	Topic	Research design
Bioethics and professionalism
Czarny et al. (2008)	US med students	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D., Nip/Tuck	Bioethics	QA
Weaver and Wilson (2011)	Australian undergrad med students	House M.D., Scrubs, Grey’s Anatomy, ER, Private Practice, All Saints(Australian)	Bioethics and professionalism	QA
Weaver et al. (2014)	Australian undergrad med students	Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	Professionalism	QA
Illness and health beliefs
Becker (2004)	Fiji teen girls	NA, Dramas aired in Fiji	Eating disorder, body image change	QU
Zoller and Worrell (2006)	US	The West Wing	Multiple Sclerosis	QU
Kennedy et al. (2011)	US	Law & Order SVU	Environmental exposure to toxic substances	QA
Chung (2014)	US	Medical dramas in general	Perception of health	QA
People portrayal
Cho et al. (2011)	US undergrads	ER, Grey’s Anatomy, House M.D.	Perception of physicians	QA
Stinson and Heischmidt (2012)	US undergrads	House M.D., Grey’s Anatomy, Scrubs, Private Practice, ER	Perception of physicians	QA
Sancho-Aldridge and Gunter (1994)	UK	Shrinks(UK)	Psychiatrists, patients	QA
Hetsroni (2014)	US general audience	ER, House M.D., Grey’s Anatomy	Genre-specific drama viewing effect, elderly, diseases	QA
Pro-health and pro-social behaviors
Hust et al. (2013)	US undergrads	Law & Order, NSI, NCIS	Intervene in sexual assault situation	QAs
Khalil and Rintamaki (2014)	US	Three Rivers	Organ donation	QA
Van den Bulck (2002)	Belgium	Spoed(Belgium)	CPR	QA
Unhealthy and anti-social behaviors
Simkin, Hawton, Whitehead, Fagg, and Eagle, 1995	UK	Casualty(UK)	Substance self-poisoning	QA
Krcmar and Greene (2000)	US high school and college students	NA, Dramas aired in US	Risk-taking behavior among adolescents11–17	QA
Godbold Kean and Fudge Albada (2003)	US undergrads	20 prime time TV shows	Alcohol	QU, QA

Notes: QA = quantitative; QU = qualitative.

Table 3. Change in audience knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (N = 11)

Authors (year)	Intervention (drama title if mentioned)	Topic	Research design and participants	Measures
Illness and health
An et al. (2014)	Switched at Birth	Deafness	Pre-post comparison of 243 US general audience	Knowledge, attitude toward deafness
Bouman et al. (1998)*	Medisch Centrum West (NDL)	Cardiovascular disease	Post-test only design, telephone interview, 3 points, n = 754, 243), NDL	Identification, recognition, credibility, realism, talking with others, appreciation, knowledge
Fernando et al. (2011)*	Warriors (UK)	PTSD trauma in veterans	Pre and post-test survey to about 4000 UK veterans	Health perception fatigue, PTSR, common mental disorders
Hawton et al. (1999)*	Casualty (UK)	Self-poisoning	Two times post surveys (1 wk and 32 wks after broadcasting), UK	Knowledge related to paracetamol poisoning
Hether et al. (2008)**	ER, Grey’s Anatomy	Breast cancer	3 wave surveys, US general audience	Knowledge of BRCA gene and breast cancer (BC)risks, attitudes about BC, behavioral intentions to BC screening, self-reported behaviors
Murphy et al. (2011)*	Desperate Housewives	Lymphoma	Pre and post test to 167 females, US general viewers	Health status, involvement with a character, involvement with the narrative, emotion, knowledge, attitude, behavior
Valente et al. (2007)**	ER	Teen obesity, hypertension, 5 a day	Surveys at 3 different sources, US general audience	Knowledge of 5 A Day, nutrition attitudes, nutrition practices, self-reported behavior change
Moyer-Gusé et al. (2011)	Sex and the City	Sexual health	3 wave surveys (pre, 24 h later, 2wk later) of 243 undergraduates, US	Past sexual behavior, self-efficacy, behavioral intention, counterarguing, perceived vulnerability, identification,
Education
Alvarado and Maskiewicz (2011)	House M.D.	Medical education	Mixed-methods study, Nervous system, Immune system test groups (n = approx. 15~32), arms of control, experiment 1, and experiment 2, US California high school students(15–19 yrs)	N.A.
Østbye et al. (1997)	ER	Medical education	Canada	N.A.
Unhealthy and anti-social behaviors
Moyer-Gusé (2010)	Grey’s Anatomy, CSI, Gossip Girl	Sexual risk	2(genre: dramatic narrative, news)x2(perceived message intent: entertain, persuade) between-subjects, experiment, n = 137, US undergrads	Past sexual behavior, perceived vulnerability of contracting a STI, preference for television

Notes: NDL = the Netherlands; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; STI = sexually transmitted infection; PTSR = posttraumatic stress reaction.

* Dramas were created without consultation with researchers + real-life exposure.

** Dramas were created in consultation with researchers + real-life exposure.

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