Analysis of paddlesport commitment and multiple outcomes: A serious leisure perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. Simplified path diagram of measurement models. (a) represents first-order CFAs; (b) represents second-order CFAs.

Figure 2. The path model.

Notes: P = perseverance, E = effort, CP = career progress, CC = career contingencies, UE = unique ethos, ID = identity, PO = personal outcomes, SO = social outcomes, Fin = financial return.

Table 1. Fit indices of the nine measurement models

CFAs	SBχ^2	df	p	CFI	TLI	RMSEA [90% CI]	SRMR
Perseverance	2.554	1	.110	.996	.976	–	.008
Effort	1.921	2	.383	1	1	–	.011
Career progress	.890	2	.641	1	1	–	.010
Career contingencies	0	0	0	–	–	–	–
Unique ethos	3.927	2	.140	.994	.982	–	.017
Identity	4.863	2	.088	.994	.983	–	.010
Financial return	1.353	2	.508	1	1	–	.008
Personal outcome	148.866	86	<.001	.965	.958	.065[.047−.083]	.036
Social outcome	64.479	50	.082	.990	.986	.041[.000−.068]	.032

Notes: SBχ² = Satorra-bentler chi-square; CFI = comparative fit index; TLI = tucker lewis index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; 90% CI = 90% confidence interval of RMSEA; SRMR = standardized root mean square residual. The career contingency model is just-identified after removing an item with a factor loading less than.70. See Appendix A for the parameter estimates of items of nine measurement models.

Table 2. Correlation matrix of indicators

	P	E	CP	CC	UE	ID	PO	SO	FIN
P
E	.827
CP	.679	.735
CC	.598	.636	.594
UE	.471	.431	.361	.536
ID	.598	.641	.614	.558	.613
PO	.509	.543	.479	.319	.477	.540
SO	.534	.468	.496	.608	.604	.552	.302
FIN	.227	.267	.222	.302	.233	.312	.121	.236

Notes: P = perseverance, E = effort, CP = career progress, CC = career contingencies, UE = unique ethos, ID = identity, PO = personal outcome, SO = social outcome, Fin = financial return. All correlations are significant at α = .01 level.

Table 3. Path coefficients and R²

	Dependent variables
	Personal outcome	Social outcome	Financial return
Predictors
Perseverance	.084(.101)	.228(.106)*	−.075(.117)
Effort	.306(.133)*	−.210(.097)*	.049(.120)
Career progress	.167(.140)	.139(.071)*	−.040(.102)
Career contingency	−.280(.087)***	.306(.069)***	.173(.095)
Unique ethos	.272(.084)***	.294(.078)***	.058(.087)
Identity	.235(.105)*	.129(.080)	.124(.092)
Covariates
Year	.118(.054)*	.045(.056)	−.127(.074)
HR	.112(.040)**	.057(.049)	−.271(.071)***
Money	.116(.058)*	−.053(.056)	−.089(.091)
R^2	.458	.529	.209

Note: Years of paddling, hours of paddling per week and money invested were controlled.

* p ≤ .05.

** p ≤ .01.

*** p ≤ .001.

Table

Factors/items	Loading(SE)	Mean(SD)	CR	AVE
Perseverance			.89	.68
p1	.845(.035)	7.93(1.08)
p2	.777(.042)	7.82(1.12)
p3	.760(.053)	7.66(1.26)
p4	.913(.038)	7.92(1.06)
Effort			.93	.78
e1	.923(.015)	7.75(1.29)
e2	.806(.039)	8.05(1.13)
e3	.914(.019)	8.08(1.12)
e4	.881(.032)	7.93(1.16)
Career progress			.93	.77
cp1	.891(.032)	8.48(.85)
cp2	.833(.051)	8.39(.88)
cp3	.964(.019)	8.47(.79)
cp4	.812(.053)	8.46(.86)
Career contingencies			.89	.72
cc1	.835(.046)	7.77(1.24)
cc2	.933(.039)	7.58(1.39)
cc3	.774(.064)	7.55(1.47)
Unique ethos			.90	.70
ue1	.862(.027)	7.31(1.29)
ue2	.933(.020)	7.33(1.23)
ue3	.805(.039)	6.92(1.42)
ue4	.747(.041)	7.95(1.01)
Identity			.95	.82
id1	.903(.023)	7.81(1.31)
id2	.939(.013)	7.63(1.36)
id3	.874(.029)	7.67(1.36)
id4	.904(.028)	7.73(1.23)
Financial return			.96	.85
f1	.859(.039)	2.67(2.54)
f2	.908(.033)	2.71(2.74)
f3	.946(.020)	2.90(2.86)
f4	.976(.015)	2.89(2.83)
Personal outcomes
Personal enrichment	.892(.030)		.90	.79
rich1	.862(.029)	8.47(.83)
rich2	.907(.021)	8.30(.99)
rich4	.842(.038)	8.57(.75)
Self-actualization	.979(.003)		.83	.83
act1	.914(.029)	8.49(.76)
Self-gratitude-satisfaction	.925(.018)		.93	.76
sgs1	.830(.031)	8.32(.83)
sgs2	.852(.032)	8.35(.89)
sgs3	.897(.022)	8.49(.85)
sgs4	.907(.021)	8.37(.85)
Self-gratitude-enjoyment	.900(.028)		.88	.70
sge1	.890(.028)	8.71(.53)
sge2	.862(.032)	8.74(.53)
sge3	.755(.051)	8.74(.51)
Recreation	.960(.014)		.96	.87
rec1	.915(.017)	8.43(.76)
rec2	.938(.014)	8.51(.76)
rec3	.954(.011)	8.46(.79)
rec4	.916(.018)	8.50(.79)
Social outcomes
Social attraction	.759(.058)		.89	.66
sat1	.819(.035)	7.50(1.46)
sat2	.888(.025)	7.85(1.10)
sat3	.898(.027)	7.64(1.20)
sat4	.624(.048)	7.21(1.28)
Group accomplishments	.985(.018)		.89	.68
ga1	.699(.041)	6.60(1.76)
ga2	.942(.014)	6.72(1.66)
ga3	.775(.041)	7.43(1.65)
ga4	.863(.032)	6.75(1.69)
Group maintenance	.999(.015)		.89	.68
gm1	.913(.021)	6.74(1.61)
gm2	.901(.024)	6.68(1.63)
gm3	.918(.018)	6.72(1.62)
gm4	.488(.063)	7.04(1.46)