A multivariate analysis of gun violence among urban youth: The impact of direct victimization, indirect victimization, and victimization among peers

Figures & data

Table 1. Zero order correlations between direct victimization, indirect victimization, peer victimization and gun related delinquent behavior among urban youth

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Committed a crime with a gun		0.289^*	0.404^*	0.206^*	0.235^*	0.271^*	0.185^*
2. Threatened with a gun			0.662^*	0.511^*	0.484^*	0.381^*	0.237^*
3. Shot at with a gun				0.368^*	0.402^*	0.400^*	0.233^*
4. Kids threatened with a gun					0.342^*	0.223^*	0.256^*
5. Kids shot at with a gun						0.345^*	0.267^*
6. Has seen someone shot							0.266^*
7. Has been to parties where shots were fired

^* The relationship is statistically significant at the 0.01 level.

Table 2. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting adolescent gun related delinquency from specific direct victimization, indirect victimization and peer victimization score

Step/predictor	β	R^2
Model 1
Demographic variables		0.062
Age	0.212^*
Sex	−0.482^*
Model 2
Demographic variables		0.565
Age	0.048
Sex	−0.096^*
Exposure to violence
Peer victimization	0.318^*
Direct victimization	0.384^*
Indirect victimization	0.173^*
Model 3
Demographic variables		0.610
Age	0.100
Sex	−0.005
Exposure to violence
Peer victimization	0.956^*
Direct victimization	0.254
Indirect victimization	0.284
Interaction terms
Age × peer victimization	1.373^*
Age × direct victimization	0.632
Age × indirect victimization	0.042
Sex × peer victimization	0.116
Sex × direct victimization	0.090
Sex × direct victimization	0.017

^* The relationship is statistically significant at the 0.01 level.

^** The relationship is statistically significant at the 0.001 level.