Fans’ identification with teams: A field study of Israeli soccer fans

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics, reliabilities (in parentheses), and inter-correlations among research variables

Research variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13
Control variables
1. Age	28.4	14.5
2. Marital status	1.66	.47	−.05
3. Education	.54	.50	.30^***	−.30^***
4. Purchase of team’s merchandise	1.29	.46	.14^*	−.16^**	.12^*
Fan motives for soccer
5. Aesthetics	5.02	1.31	.02	.02	.02	−.07	(.67)
6. Eustress	5.21	1.28	.01	.05	−.01	−.14^*	.50^***	(.66)
7. Economic	2.23	1.56	−.14^*	.06	−.03	−.18^***	.18^***	.15^*	(.84)
8. Escape	3.83	1.79	−.17^**	.13^*	−.14^*	−.16^**	.39^***	.43^***	.40^***	(.81)
9. Family	3.92	1.71	−.05	.04	−.03	−.12^*	.40^***	.44^***	.32^***	.56^***	(.55)
Psychological variables
10. Self-efficacy	5.87	.85	−.06	.09	.11	−.04	.31^***	.28^***	−.17^**	.15^*	.13^*	(.89)
11. Depression-happiness	6.16	.82	−.07	.04	.07	.02	.12^*	.10^*	−.45^***	−.12^*	−.09	.59^***	(.71)
12.Commitment to community	5.69	.93	−.08	.12^*	−.07	−.21^***	.24^***	.20^***	−.04	.14^*	.09	.29^***	.22^***	(.80)
13. Team identification	6.13	.65	−.11^*	.09	.02	−.29^***	.28^***	.32^***	.04	.22^***	−.12^*	.32^***	.25^***	.51^***	(.73)

Notes: Marital status: 1 = married, 2 = not married; Education: 1 = elementary and high school, 2 = academic; Purchase of team’s merchandise; 1 = yes, 2 = No. N = 350.

^* p ≤ .05.

^** p ≤ .01.

^*** p ≤ .001.

Table 2. Regression results (standardized coefficients) of independent variables on team identification

Dependent variable	Team identification
Independent variables	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3
Control variables
1. Age	−.08	−.11	−.07
2. Marital status	.01	−.01	−.04
3. Education	.08	.08	.07
4. Purchase of team’s merchandise	−.29***	−.26***	−.18***
Fan motives for soccer
5. Aesthetics		.15*	.04
6. Eustress		.18**	.12*
7. Economic		−.11	.02
8. Escape		.06	.04
9. Family		.04	.06
Psychological variables
10. Self-efficacy			.06
11. Depression-happiness			.13*
12.Commitment to community			.39***
R^2	.09	.26	.40
F for R^2	8.06***	8.82***	13.42***
Δ R^2		.17	.14
F for Δ R^2		8.43***	23.77***

Notes: Marital status: 1 = married, 2 = not married; Education: 1 = elementary and high school, 2 = academic; Purchase of team’s merchandise; 1 = yes, 2 = No. N = 350.

^* p ≤ .05.

^** p ≤ .01.

^*** p ≤ .001.