The overlay between demographic characteristics, spirituality and retirement planning, Kenya expose

Figures & data

Figure 1. Source: Sanlam Benchmark survey South Africa (2013).

Figure 2. Three appeals of retirement planning.

Source: Wright (2017)

Table 1. Demographic characteristics of participants

		Participants	Percentage	Total
Gender	Male Female	237 95	71 28.6	332 100%
Age	20–30 31–40 Over 41	55 141 135	16.6 42.5 40.7	332 100%
Educational Background	Tertiary College University Degree	68 264	20.5 79.5	332 100%
Monthly Income in Kshs.	36,000–45,000 46,000–50,000 Above 50,000	125 99 108	37.7 29.8 32.5	332 100%
Marital Status	Married Others	279 53	84.0 16	332 100%
Professional Background	Faculty Non- teaching staff Administrator Field pastors	96 65 42 129	28.9 19.6 12.7 38.9	332 100%

Table 2. The state of spirituality among the respondents

Source	N	M	SD
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	332	4.44	.50750
Communal Dimension of Spirituality	332	4.25	.51835
Transcendence Dimension of Spirituality	332	4.57	.44649

Table 3. State of retirement planning

	N	M	SD
Retirement Planning	332	2.81	.976

Table 4. Independent samples test gender and spirituality

		Levene’s Test
		F	Sig.	T	Df	Sig. (2- tailed)	Mean Differen	Std. Error
Personal Dimens ion of Spiritual ity	Equal variances assumed	.075	.785	−.220	330	.826	−.01360	.06172
	Equal variances not assumed			−.217	167.949	.828	−.01360	.06267
Comm unal Dimens ion of Spiritual ity	Equal variances assumed	.021	.884	.838	330	.403	.05278	.06297
	Equal variances not assumed			.813	162.893	.417	.05278	.06492
Transcen dence Dimen sion of Spiritua lity	Equal variances assumed	.387	.534	.671	330	.503	.03639	.05426
	Equal variances not assumed			.640	158.060	.523	.03639	.05681

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of age and spirituality

		N	Mean	Std. Deviation	Std. Error
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	20–30	55	4.2727	.43096	.05811
	31–40	141	4.5050	.46940	.03953
	Over 40	136	4.4474	.55934	.04796
	Total	332	4.4429	.50750	.02785
Communal Dimension of Spirituality	20–30	55	4.1891	.48445	.06532
	31–40	141	4.2809	.49856	.04199
	Over 40	136	4.2588	.55196	.04733
	Total	332	4.2566	.51835	.02845
Transcendence Dimension of Spirituality	20–30	55	4.5309	.40592	.05473
	31–40	141	4.5801	.43313	.03648
	Over 40	136	4.5835	.47691	.04089
	Total	332	4.5733	.44649	.02450

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 6. ANOVA comparison between spirituality and age

		SS	Df	M	F	Sig.
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	2.139	2	1.069	4.233	.015
	Within Groups	83.112	329	.253
	Total	85.251	331
Communal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	.334	2	.167	.621	.538
	Within Groups	88.601	329	.269
	Total	88.935	331
Transcen dence Dimension of Spiritua lity	Between Groups	.119	2	.060	.298	.742
	Within Groups	65.867	329	.200
	Total	65.987	331

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 7. ANOVA- multiple comparisons of personal dimension of spirituality with age

(I) Current Age	(J) Current Age	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.
20–30	31–40	−.23224*	.07990	.004
	Over 40	−.17470*	.08032	.030
31–40	20–30	.23224*	.07990	.004
	Over 40	.05754	.06041	.342
Over 40	20–30	.17470*	.08032	.030
	31–40	−.05754	.06041	.342

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 8. ANOVA- spirituality comparison by income

		Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	1.182	2	.591	2.312	.101
	Within Groups	84.069	329	.256
	Total
Communal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	.173	2	.086	.320	.726
	Within Groups	88.763	329	.270
	Total	88.935	331
Transcen dence Dimension of Spiritua lity	Between Groups	.056	2	.028	.139	.871
	Within Groups	65.931	329	.200
	Total	65.987	331

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 9. T-test, spirituality comparison by marital status

		Levene’s Test
		F	Sig	t	df	Sig. (2-tailed
Spirituality	Equalvari ances assumed	.967	.326	.680	330	.497
	Equalvari ances not assumed			.653	77.864	.516
	Equalvari ances assumed	2.737	.099	3.234	330	.001

Table 10. Descriptive analysis of spirituality by professional background

		N	M	SD	Std. Error
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	Faculty	96	4.4401	.43852	.04476
	Staff	65	4.3385	.53727	.06664
	Administrators	42	4.3429	.45325	.06994
	Field pastors	129	4.5302	.54466	.04795
	Total	332	4.4429	.50750	.02785

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 11. ANOVA- spirituality compared by professional background

		Sum of Squares	Df	Mean Square	F	Sig.
Personal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	2.114	3	.705	2.780	.041
	Within Groups	83.137	328	.253
	Total	85.251	331
Communal Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	1.096	3	.365	1.364	.254
	Within Groups	87.840	328	.268
	Total	88.935	331
Transcen dence Dimension of Spirituality	Between Groups	1.107	3	.369	1.866	.135
	Within Groups	64.879	328	.198
	Total	65.987	331

* The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 12. Multiple comparisons of personal spirituality by professional background

(I) Which is your profession	(J) Which is your profession	Mean Difference (I-J)	Std. Error	Sig.
Faculty	Non-teaching staff	.10164	.08087	.210
	Administrator	.09725	.09314	.297
	Field pastors	−.09013	.06786	.185
Non-teaching staff	Faculty	−.10164	.08087	.210
	Administrator	−.00440	.09967	.965
	Field pastors	−.19177*	.07658	.013
Administrator	Faculty	−.09725	.09314	.297
	Non-teaching staff	.00440	.09967	.965
	Field pastors	−.18738*	.08944	.037
Field pastors	Faculty	.09013	.06786	.185
	Non-teaching staff	.19177*	.07658	.013
	Administrator	.18738*	.08944	.037

*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.

Table 13. Correlation analysis between spirituality and retirement planning

		Spirituality	Retirement
Spirituality	Pearson Correlation	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)
	N	332
Retirement	Pearson Correlation	.468**	1
	Sig. (2-tailed)	.000
	N	332	332

Benefits, S. E. (2013). Sanlam Benchmark Survey 2013: member databook. journals.co.za

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