Khat culture and economic wellbeing: Comparison of a chewer and non-chewer families in Harar city

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study area map with selected clusters

Figure 2. Conceptual framework of the study

Table 1. Marital status and family size of the respondents

Profile of respondents		Consume khat?
		yes		no
		Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Marital Status	married single divorced	111 69 21	55.2% 34.3% 10.4%	126 59 12	64.0% 29.9% 6.1%
Size of Family	≥5 (large family) 3–4 (medium) 1–2 (small) no family member	42 42 57 60	20.9% 20.9% 28.4% 29.9%	18 84 50 45	9.1% 42.6% 25.4% 22.8%
	Mean Family Size	2.6		2.4

Table 2. Religion and ethnic composition of the respondents

The religious and ethnic composition		Consume khat?
		yes		no
		Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Religion	Muslim Orthodox Protestant Jehovah’s witnesses others	117 78 0 0 6	58.2% 38.8% 0.0% 0.0% 3.0%	66 62 60 9 0	33.5% 31.5% 30.5% 4.6% 0.0%
Ethnic composition	Amhara Oromo Harari (Adari) Somali Guraghe SNNPE Tigre	60 51 33 39 12 6 0	29.9% 25.4% 16.4% 19.4% 6.0% 3.0% 0.0%	83 51 24 15 15 0 9	42.1% 25.9% 12.2% 7.6% 7.6% 0.0% 4.6%

Table 3. Some indicators of material well-being: ownership of home materials

Nonperishable home materials		Consume khat?
		yes		No
		Freq.	%	Freq.	%
Television	yes no	140 61	69.7% 30.3%	150 47	76.1% 23.9%
Telephone (fixed)	yes no	24 177	11.9% 88.1%	72 125	36.5% 63.5%
Computer	yes no	24 177	11.9% 88.1%	57 140	28.9% 71.1%
Radio	yes no	63 138	31.3% 68.7%	20 177	10.2% 89.8%
Refrigerator	yes no	48 153	23.9% 76.1%	111 86	56.3% 43.7%
Locker	yes no	48 153	23.9% 76.1%	140 57	71.1% 28.9%

Figure 3. Ownership of some basic home materials: consumer vs. non-consumer

Figure 4. Ownership of house residence

Table 4. Comparison of the frequency of food consumption and having a good time

Variables		Consume khat?
		yes		no
		Count	Column N %	Count	Column N %
How much you eat within a day	four times three times two times once	0 141 54 6	0.0% 70.1% 26.9% 3.0%	51 120 26 0	25.9% 60.9% 13.2% 0.0%
Good time with family	once a day once a week once a month once a year no such thing	7 21 43 51 79	3.5% 10.4% 21.4% 25.4% 39.3%	12 38 77 45 25	6.1% 19.3% 39.1% 22.8% 12.7%

Figure 5. Planning family life: consumer vs non-consumer households

Figure 6. Expenditure for basic family needs vs. khat ceremony

Figure 7. Additional burden on chewer families

Figure 8. Emergency money: consumer vs. non-consumer

Table 1. The houses and its surroundings of chewer and non-chewers

Variables		Chew khat
		Yes		No
		No.	%	No.	%
From what the house is made?	Brick and stone	16	35.6%	43	51.2%
	Wood and Mud	18	40.0%	32	38.1%
	Metal sheet	6	13.3%	7	8.3%
	Shanty plastic or garbage	5	11.1%	2	2.4%
A number of rooms?	One room	15	33.3%	22	27.0%
	Two rooms	19	42.2%	37	44.0%
	Three and above	11	24.4%	24	28.6%
Fence?	Fence	18	40.0%	53	63.1%
	No fence	8	17.8%	3	3.6%
	Old fence	19	42.2%	28	33.3%
Total		45	100%	84	100%

Table 2. Data from Non-chewers who live with Chewers

Variables		Religion
		Muslim		Christian
		Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Sex	male female	2 5	28.6% 71.4%	6 7	46.2% 53.8%
Do you see any problem related to khat in your family?	yes no	2 5	28.6% 71.4%	11 2	84.6% 15.4%
How often do you relate the economic and social problems in your family to khat	always sometimes rarely not at all	1 0 2 4	14.3% 0.0% 28.6% 57.1%	5 5 1 2	38.5% 38.5% 7.7% 15.4%
How do you rate the problems in your family?	worst medium no effect	1 2 4	14.3% 28.6% 57.1%	4 7 2	30.8% 53.8% 15.4%

Table 3. Management of Income and Expenditure by a Household where either Husband or Wife is non-chewer, Data from a non-chewer family member

Questions for Non-chewers		sex
		Male		Female
		Frequ.	%	Freq.	%
How do you manage your family income?	Always transparently and openly	4	50.0%	1	8.3%
	Sometimes transparently	2	25.0%	3	25.0%
	Sometimes the chewer tries to hide	0	0.0%	5	41.7%
	No discussion about it totally	2	25.0%	3	25.0%
Are your family problems related to khat chewing resolved or continued?	resolved	3	33.3%	4	25.0%
	continued	5	66.7%	8	75.0%