The implementation of the pentahelix model for the terrorism deradicalization program in Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. The pentahelix model

Table 1. List of informants

Number	Name	Position	Element
1	Irfan Idris	Director of Deradicalization of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency	the National Counter-Terrorism Agency
2	Dadang Hendra Yudha	Head of Sub-Directorate for Counter-Propaganda and Deradicalization of the National Counter-terrorism Agency	the National Counter-Terrorism Agency
3	A.S. Hikam	Lecture & Researcher at President University	Academic
4	Rosan Perkasa Roeslani	Chairman of the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry	Business
5	Said Agil Siradj	Chairman of the Nahdlatul Ulama Executive Board	Community
6	Bahtiar	Director General of Politics and General Government of the Ministry of Home Affairs	Government
7	Arief Suditomo	Chief Editor of Metro TV	Media

Note: All informants are willing to give their names and opinions in the interview process and activities presented in the manuscript of this article.

Table 2. Radical groups in indonesia related to ISIS

Number	Radical Group Name
Radical Groups Sworn In By ISIS Leader
1	Mujahideen Indonesia Barat
2	Mujahideen Indonesia Timur
3	Jamaah Tawhid Wal Jihad
4	Forum Aktivis Syariah Islam
5	Pendukung dan Pembela Daulah
6	Gerakan Reformasi Islam
7	Asybal Tawhid Indonesia
8	Kongres Umat Islam Bekasi
9	Umat Islam Nusantara
10	Ikhwan Muwahid Indunisy Fie
11	Jazirah Al-Muluk Ambon
12	Ansharul Kilafah Jawa Timur
13	Gerakan Tawhid Lamongan
14	Khilafatul Muslimin
15	Laskar Jundullah
16	DKM Masjid Al Fataa
Radical Groups Supporting ISIS
1	RING Banten
2	Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
3	Halawi Makmun Group

Source: (Hidayat, 2015)

Table 3. Suspects, defendants and convicted of terrorism in the judicial process

Number	Category	Total
1	Suspect	125
2	Defendant	93
3	Convict	26
	Total	244

Source: The Indonesian Police, 2020

Table 4. Terrorism PRISONERS BASED ON THE LEVEL OF RADICALISM

Number	Level	Information	Total
1	Level I	Don’t want to be met, don’t want to cooperate with the government	50
2	Level II	Willing to be met, Not willing to join the program. Still strong in his ideological stance	63
3	Level III	Willing to be met, Willing to open up and join the program, Not wanting to invite his friends	85
4	Level IV	Willing to be met, Willing to join the program, Willing to invite his friends, Willing to transform the understanding he has received to his family and network, Already adopting a peaceful and tolerant understanding	43
		Total	241

Source: The Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, Security Affairs, Indonesia, 2020

Table 5. Former terrorism prisoners, former terrorists, family and network

Number	Category	Total
1	Former Terrorism Prisoners	183
2	Former Terrorists	84
3	Terrorists Family	107
4	Terrorists Network	71
	Total	478

Source: National Counter Terrorism Agency, Indonesia, 2020

Table 6. The National Counterterrorism Agency Budget

Number	Year	Total
1	2015	Rp. 293,7 billion
2	2016	Rp. 650,6 billion
3	2017	Rp. 715,9 billion
4	2018	Rp. 501,0 billion
5	2019	Rp. 699,6 billion
6	2020	Rp. 460,2 billion

Source: Ministry of Finance, Indonesia, 2020

Table 7. Actors involved based on the pentahelix model

Number	Element	Actors	Power
1	Government	Central Government Local Government	Political Power (Parties with political, legal and security powers in carrying out the terrorism deradicalization program)
2	Academic	Lectures Researcher	Knowledge Power (Parties who have the power of knowledge, theories, concepts and studies that support the terrorism deradicalization program)
3	Community	Religious Leaders NGO’s Religious Organizations	Public Power (Parties who have the power and legitimacy of the public in the community to encourage the deradicalization program of terrorism)
4	Business	Entrepreneur Conglomerate Businessmen Industry Players	Economic Power (Parties who have the economic power, funds and capital to support the terrorism deradicalization program)
5	Media	Journalist Press Editor Youtubers Vloger Content Creator	Information Power (Parties who have the power of information, news, and narratives in the real world and cyberspace so as to support the deradicalization program of terrorism)

Table 8. Roles of actors involved based on the pentahelix model

Number	Element	Role
1	Government	The National Counterterrorism Agency coordinates with all parties involved in the terrorism deradicalization program. The Police of the Republic of Indonesia and the Attorney General’s Office of the Republic of Indonesia provide data, facts and information on terrorism suspects, defendants and convicted people. The Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia submits data, facts and information about terrorism convicts. Local Government helps to record and map former terrorist convicts, former terrorists, terrorist families and terrorist networks.
2	Academic	Psychologists analyze, diagnose, and provide advice and counseling on psychological or psychiatric aspects. The National Insight Expert explores the values of nationalism, patriotism, and State defense as well as providing national development. Terrorism experts conduct discussions, dialogues, and map levels of radicalism and provide input on the map of terrorism networks.
3	Community	Religious leaders provide an understanding of religious values, religious tolerance, social harmony, and harmony between religious communities. Religious organizations (Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhamadiyah) enlighten moderate attitudes, pluralism, open mindedness, and inclusive behavior in social life. Activists who are members of NGO’s peace provide guidance, counseling, coaching, and advocacy on the values of peace.
4	Business	The company community provides CSR funds for business capital after leaving the prison. Business actors provide job training and business skills as provisions for work after leaving the prison. Employers provide job opportunities and job opportunities in companies, factories, start-ups and home industries to former terrorism convicts, their families and networks.
5	Media	Journalists write news that is objective, non-subjective, non-provocative, and non-bombastic about matters related to religion, tolerance and social harmony. The Press Editors provide direction and space for news and articles in print, electronic and online media on constructive, educational, and innovative narratives about religious harmony, values of peace, and anti-radicalism. Youtubers, vlogers, and content creators design narratives on social media in the form of photos, videos, and text/sentences that move towards anti-radicalism and anti-terrorism framing.

Table 9. The Funds of CSR in Indonesia 2017–2020

Number	Company	Years
		2017	2018	2019	2020
1	State-owned enterprises	Rp. 1,4 Trillion	Rp. 1,6 Trillion	Rp. 1,7 Trillion	1,9 Trillion
2	Private Owned Enterprise	Rp. 2,1 Trillion	Rp. 2,7 Trillion	Rp. 2,8 Trillion	3,1 Trillion
3	Multinational Company	Rp. 2,4 Trillion	Rp. 2,3 Trillion	Rp. 2,5 Trillion	2,2 Trillion

Source: Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises, Indonesia, 2021.

Table 10. Number of Media in Indonesia in 2020

Number	Media	Amount
1	Print Media	26.530.000
2	Electronic Media	20.721.000
3	Online Media	1.108.000
4	Journalist	197.000.000
5	Influencer	31.260.000

Source: Ministry of Information & Communication, Indonesia, 2021.

Hidayat, F. (2015). Ini 16 Kelompok Radikal Indonesia yang dibai’at Pemimpin ISIS. https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/ini-16-kelompok-radikal-indonesia-yang-dibaiat-pemimpin-isis.html

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