Healthy living character-building strategies: A systematic literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1. Article selection process based on PRISMA.

Table 1. Healthy living character-building strategies through healthy food for elementary school students

Authors	Dominant Theory Framework & Research design	Length of Treatment	Strategy
Francis et al. (2010), Trinidad & Tobago, Self-funded.	RCT	32 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Auld et al. (1998) USA, Kraft Food	QE/SCT, CDT	4 Years	Cross-curricular & experiential learning
Bell & Lamb (1973) USA, Dairy Council, Inc.	QE	6 Weeks	Popham Instruction Model
Edwards & Hermann (2011), USA	QE	3 Weeks	Literary abstraction
Fahlman et al. (2008), USA	QE	4 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Friel et al. (1999) Ireland, Dept of Health	QE/SLT	10 Weeks	Cross-curricular
Gortmaker et al. (1999) USA, Walton Family Foundation	QE/SCT/BCT	2 Years	Cross-curricular & Social Marketing Approach
Govula et al. (2007) USA	QE	6 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Horne et al. (2004) UK, Horticultural Development Council, Fresh Produce Consortium, ASDA, Co-operative Group, Safeway, Sainsbury, Somerfield, Tesco, Bird’s Eye	QE/SLT	16 Weeks	Animation abstraction & contingent reinforcement foF & V consumption
Liquori et al. (1998), USA	QE/SCT	1 Year	Experiential learning
Manios et al. (2002), Greece, Kellogg’s, Greek Ministry of Sport, Greek Ministry of Education	QE	6 Years	Curriculum approach & Literary abstraction
McAleese & Rankin (2007), USA.	QE	12 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Experiential learning (School Garden)
Morgan et al. (2010) Australia, Hunter Medical Research, Coles	QE/SCT	10 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Modified Experiential learning (School Garden)
Simmons-Morton et al. (1991), USA, HHLBI Grant	QE/SCT	40 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Agozzino et al. (2007), Italy	CT/CogT	40 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Amaro et al. (2006), Italy, Amici di Raoul Follereau (AIFO)	CT	24 Weeks	Kalèdo Board Game (15-30mins play time p/w)
Anderson et al. (2005), UK, Food Standards Agency	CT/TPB	36 Weeks	Curriculum approach, experiential learning, video & literary abstraction, Marketing and canteen provisions
Baronowski et al. (2000), USA	CT/SCT	12 Weeks	Curriculum approach, Experiential learning, goal setting, problem solving, & contingent reinforcement
Bere et al. (2006), Norway, Norwegian Research Council	CT/SCT	28 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Experiential learning
Bere et al. (2011), UK, Medical Research Council National Prevention Research Initiative	CT/mixed	2 Weeks	Contingent reinforcement
Day et al. (2008), Canada	CT	12 Weeks	Integrates classroom learning, environmental change strategies, & a family/community component
Domel et al. (1993), USA, The International Apple Institute	CT/SCT	6 Weeks	“5 a Day - for Better Health”
Duncan et al. (Duncan et al. (2011), New Zealand, Health Research Council	CT	6 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Experiential learning
Foster et al. (2008), USA, CDC, US Department of Agriculture/Food and nutrition Service	CT	2 Years	School self-assessment, nutrition education, nutrition policy, social marketing & Cross-curricular/Integrated learning
Gorely et al. (2009), UK, Great Run, Coca-Cola Company	CT/SCT	40 Weeks	Curriculum approach, Physical education lessons & homework tasks Fun run event
Head (1974), USA, Emergency food and Medical Services	CT	20 Weeks	Cross Curriculum approach
Hendy et al. (2011), USA, grants from Penn State University	CT/SCT SDT	12 Weeks	Kid’s Choice Program (KCP), contingent reinforcement & parental involvement.
Hoffman et al. (2010), USA, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development	CT/SLT	2 Years	Cross-Curricular program, school-wide, lunchroom & family components
James et al. (2005), UK, GlaxoSmithKline, Aventis, Pfizer Florence Nightingale Foundation	CT/NR	40 Weeks	Cross curricular
Kipping (2010), UK, Department of Health	CT/SCT	20 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Kristjansdottir et al. (2010), Iceland, The University of Iceland, The Icelandic Centre for Research, Brim Seafood	CT	2 Years	Curriculum approach to developed with teachers and supported by homework, letters to parents and meetings with parents
Luepker et al. (1996), USA, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute	CT	3 Years	Curriculum Approach & family education.
Mangunkusumo et al. (2007) The Netherlands, Organisation for Health Research and Development	CT	12 Weeks	Internet-tailored advice & dietary counselling
Muth (2008), USA, American Medical Association	CT/SCT	12 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Train-the-trainer model
Panunzio et al. (2007), Italy	CT	36 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Parcel et al. (1989), USA, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute	CT/SLT	14 Weeks	Curriculum approach: The New School Lunch, Children’s Active Physical Education (CAPE), and Go For Health classroom instruction.
Parmer (2009), USA	CT/ELT	28 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Experiential Learning
Perry et al. (1998), USA, National Cancer Institute	CT/SLT	40 Weeks	The 5-a-Day Power Plus Program, curricula parental involvement & Changes industry involvement and support.
Perry et al. (1985), USA	CT/SLT/PBT	10 Weeks	Curriculum approach & Friends program
Powers et al. (2005), USA. State Cooperative Extension System and State Department of Human Resources	CT/SCT	6 Weeks	Pizza Please Board Game & Nutrition education
Quinn et al. (2003), USA, Kappa Omicron Nu, Food Bank of Central New York	CT	40 Weeks	Experiential learning & the support of parents
Resnicow et al. (1998), USA, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute	CT/SCT	6 Weeks	Curriculum approach & the teacher wellness program
Reynolds et al. (2000), USA, National Cancer Institute Grant	CT/SCT	2 Years	High 5 intervention on FV consumption based around 3 interventions: classroom component, Parent component, Food Service component.
Sahota et al. (2001), UK, Northern and Yorkshire Region Research and Development Unit	CT	40 Weeks	Active programme promoting lifestyle in schools (APPLES program), Multidisciplinary, multiagency programme, and physical activity & Cross Curricular.
Shannon and Chen (1988), USA, Pennsylvania State Department of Education	CT	3 Years	Curriculum approach
Smolak et al. (1998), USA, Ohio Dept of Education	CT	24 Weeks	Curriculum approach
Spiegel & Foulk (2006), USA, Institute for America’s Health	CT/TRA	24 Weeks	Wellness, Academics & You (WAY) Program & Cross-curricular
Taylor et al. (2007), New Zealand	CT	2 Years	APPLE Project, physical activity initiative, Cross curricular school, & GoTri card game
Velde et al. (2008), The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Commission of European Communities (RTD) programme	CT/SCT	52 Weeks	Pro-children intervention, Curriculum approach & Family web-based feedback tool
Cohen et al. (2014), USA	NR	1 Year	Food Service Intervention
Purwani & Muwakhidah (2016), Indonesia	NR	3 Months	Education through the media of Illustrated storybooks and demonstrations of hazardous substance tests on snacks
Emerson et al. (2017), Norwood City School District, Ohio, USA.	NR	6 Months	Power Plate Program (PPP)
Solikah (2018), Indonesia	NR	1 Weeks	Clean and Healthy Behavior (PHBS)
Garden et al. (2020), the West Midlands, UK.	NR	4 Years	Fruit and vegetable intake, physical activity energy expenditure & Dietary intake
Verdonschot et al. (2020), Netherlands	NR	6 Months	FV provision + education and FV provision program only
Ronitawati et al., (2020), Indonesia	NR	3 Weeks	Educational counseling on balanced nutrition guidelines, food ranger games on balanced nutrition and the provision of “Isi Bekalku” media which was followed up with each student bringing provisions from home.
Verdonschot et al. (2021), Netherlands and Australia	NR	2 Years	Cross-curricular
Ibnu et al. (2021), Indonesia	NR	2 Months	Emotional demonstration using the reference module “EMO DEMO”.
Aydin et al. (2022), Australia	ST	1 Year	The cooperation of parents and teachers
Magurno & Fenton (2022). The Town of Webb Union Free School District, New York, USA.	SCT	6 Weeks	Nutrition education intervention

Notes: TPB = Theory of Planned Behaviour; SCT = Social Cognitive Theory; CDT = Cognitive Development Theory; SLT = Social Learning Theory; BCT = Behavioural Choice Theory; CogT = Cognitive Theory; SDT = Self Determination Theory; GST = Group Socialization Theory; ELT = Experiential Learning Theory; PBT = Problem Behaviour Theory; TRA = Theory of Reasoned Action; ST: Stakeholder Theory; RCT = Randomised controlled trial; QE = Quasi experimental; CT = Cluster-controlled trial; FV = Fruit and vegetable; NR= Not reported

Figure 2. Geographic distribution.

Notes: USA = United States of America; UK: United Kingdom

Figure 3. Research design.

Figure 4. Strategy.

Figure 5. Theory.

Notes: SCT = Social Cognitive Theory; CDT = Cognitive Development Theory; SLT = Social Learning Theory; BCT = Behavioural Choice Theory; CogT = Cognitive Theory; TPB = Theory of Planned Behaviour; SDT = Self Determination Theory; NR= Not reported; ELT = Experiential Learning Theory; PBT = Problem Behaviour Theory; TRA = Theory of Reasoned Action; ST: Stakeholder Theory

Figure 6. Length of treatment.

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