Determinants of teff row planting technology adoption on small farms yield in North Shewa zone, Amhara region, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Geographical location of North Shewa zone; source: (Fikire & Zegeye, 2022).

Table 1. Measurement, description of variables, and expected sign

Name of variable and symbol	Description and measurement of variables	Expected sign
Teff row planting technology adoption	It is a categorical variable = 0 for non-adopters, 1= for adopters of teff row planting technology	Dependent variable
Sex	It is a dummy variable which can be (male = 1 and 0= otherwise).	+
(ii)Age of household head	Defined as the number of years from the date of birth to the day of the survey interview date in the full year. The continuous variable measured in year	+
(iii)Marital status	It is a categorical variable 0= if single,1= married	+
(iv)Family size	One or more persons occupy a housing unit and have the same eating arrangement. Measurement in number.	+
(v)Education	It is a categorical variable. 0= No formal education, 1= Literate	+
(vi)Cultivated land Size	It is a continuous variable measured in hectares	+
(vii)Off-Farm participation	It is a dummy variable. 1=Yes, if an individual participates in an off-farm activity, 0= No if an individual does not participate in an off-farm activity.	+
(viii)Livestock Unit	It is a continuous variable measured in number	+
(ix)Distance from Market	It is a continuous variable measured in kilometers.	-
(x)Access to credit	It is a dummy variable; representing 1= if a household had credit access and 0= otherwise.	+
(xi)Extension service	It is a dummy variable; representing 1= if a household had access to extension service and 0= otherwise.	+
(xii)Total land size	It is a continuous variable measured in hectares	+
(xiii)Active household	It is a continuous variable, measured in the number of the person whose age is between 18 and 65 years.	+
(xiv)Distance from the main road	It is a continuous variable measured in kilometers.	-
(xv)Saving	It is a continuous variable measured in Ethiopian Birr	+
(xvi)Agricultural experience	It is a continuous variable, measured in the number of years.	+
(xvii)Agricultural cooperative	It is a dummy variable, 0= if farmers are not a member of the cooperative, 1 = are a member of farmers.	+
(xviii)Plot distance	It is a continuous variable measured in kilometers starting from home to plot area.	-
(xix)Access to transportation	It is a dummy variable that can be (yes = 1 and 0= No).	+
(xx)Number of oxen	It is a continuous variable, which is measured in number.	+

Table 2. Percentage distribution on a categorical independent variable

Variables	Category	Freq.	Percent
Sex	Female	79	9.92
	Male	717	90.08
Education	No formal education	309	38.82
	Literate	487	61.18
Marital Status	Married	698	87.69
	Single	98	12.31
Saving	No	181	22.74
	Yes	615	77.26
Off-farm participation	No	303	38.07
	Yes	493	61.93
Farm cooperative member	No	126	15.83
	Yes	670	84.17
credit	No	371	46.61
	Yes	425	53.39
Extension service	No	53	6.66
	Yes	743	93.34
Access to transport	No	394	49.50
	Yes	402	50.50

Table 3. Summary statistics for continuous variables

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev.	Min	Max
Age of household head	43.136	11.026	19	80
Family size	4.98	1.992	1	14
Total land size	1.619	.758	.25	5.5
Cultivated land size	1.581	1.101	.25	10
Distance from market	9.892	9.148	.01	70
Number of oxen	1.997	1.03	1	10
Tropical livestock	6.263	4.32	1	44.6
Active household member	3.369	2.271	0	14
Plot distance	5.528	6.638	00.01	50

Table 4. Adoption of teff row planting technology distribution of sample respondents

Teff row planting technology adoption	Freq.	Percent
Non-adopter	511	64.20
Adopter	285	35.80

Source: own survey (2021)

Table 5. Variance inflation factor

Variables	VIF	1/VIF
Number of oxen	1.397	.716
Tropical livestock	1.328	.753
Cultivated land size	1.196	.836
Active household member	1.184	.844
Family size	1.156	.865
Distance from market	1.117	.895
Plot distance	1.089	.918
Total land size	1.013	.987
Mean VIF	1.185

Table 6. Pairwise correlations matrix for categorical variable

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)
(1) sex	1.000
(2) education	0.051	1.000
(3) marital status	−0.34*	0.024	1.000
(4) saving	0.071*	0.134*	−0.13*	1.000
(5) off-farm participation	0.043	0.094*	−0.045	0.161*	1.000
(6) agriculture experience	0.073*	−0.24*	0.011	−0.041	−0.057	1.000
(7) farm cooperative	0.075*	−0.014	−0.07*	0.315*	0.064	0.147*	1.000
(8) credit	0.052	0.008	−0.12*	0.082*	0.082*	0.010	0.050	1.000
(9) extension	−0.004	0.021	−0.049	0.072*	0.019	−0.049	0.022	0.013	1.000
(10) access to transport	0.020	0.016	0.023	−0.13*	0.013	−0.017	−0.08*	0.040	0.215*	1.000

Table 7. Hosmer-Lemeshow test

Logistic model for row planting, goodness-of-fit test
Number of observations	796
Number of groups	5
Hosmer-Lemeshow chi2(3)	3.02
Prob > chi2	0.3885

Table 8. Logistic regression and estimation result with marginal effect non-adopter as base level

Row planting adoption	Mfx(dy/dx)	Coef.	Std.Err.	t-value	p-value	Sig
Distance from main road	−0.017	−.078	.019	−3.90	0.000	***
Sex	0.034	.157	.299	0.45	0.654
Age of household head	0.002	.009	.013	0.69	0.491
Education	0.011	.048	.126	0.37	0.715
Marital status	0.060	.268	.108	1.90	0.057	*
Family size	0.005	.024	.057	0.43	0.668
saving	0.045	.197	.288	0.84	0.403
Off-farm participation	0.053	.236	.242	1.24	0.217
Agricultural experience	0.000	.001	.012	0.11	0.914
Farm cooperative member	0.041	.186	.228	0.68	0.497
Total land size	0.029	.13	.102	1.13	0.261
Cultivated land size	0.022	.101	.14	0.80	0.426
Distance from market	−0.018	−.079	.015	−5.05	0.000	***
Access to credit	0.081	.366	.13	1.96	0.05	*
Extension service	0.169	.705	.773	1.84	0.065	*
Number of Oxen	0.079	.352	.174	2.88	0.004	***
Tropical livestock unit	0.000	.00836	.028	0.01	0.998
Active household member	0.019	.087	.044	1.83	0.067	*
Plot distance	−0.009	−.038	.016	−2.48	0.013	**
Access to transport	0.061	.272	.164	1.27	0.205
Constant	0.017	1.002	2.191	1.25	0.213
Mean dependent var = 0.642			SD dependent var = 0.480
Pseudo r-squared = 0.269			Number of obs = 796
Chi-square = 163.901			Prob > chi2 = 0.000
Akaike crit. (AIC) = 800.637			Bayesian crit. (BIC) = 898.909

Note: *, ** and*** are level of significance at 10%, 5 % and 1 % respectively

The model has Prob >chi2 = 0.0000, and Pseudo R2 = 0.269. Pseudo R2 tells us our model as a whole fit significantly better than an empty model (i.e., a model with no predictors).

The model has Prob >chi2 = 0.0000, and Pseudo R2 = 0.269. Pseudo R2 tells us our model as a whole fit significantly better than an empty model (i.e., a model with no predictors).

Fikire, A. H., & Zegeye, M. B. (2022). Determinants of rural household food security status in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. In The Scientific World Journal .Gujarati (2004), (4th ed). Basic Econometrics:

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