Determinants of smallholder farmers’ extent of participation in climate-smart agricultural projects in Kakamega County, Kenya

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of the study area.

Figure 2. Conceptual framework.

Table 1. Variance inflation factor test results for continuous explanatory variables

Variable	VIF	1/VIF
Age of the farmer	1.92	0.520
Household size	1.08	0.923
Farm size(in acres)	1.19	0.837
Farming experience(in years)	2.07	0.484
Number of practices offered by project	1.07	0.933
Frequency of extension services	1.03	0.971
Mean VIF	1.39

Table 2. Pearson’s contingency coefficient test results for categorical explanatory variables

	Gender	Educ. Level	Land Status	Primary occupation.	Credit access	Training	Market distance	Sub county
Gender	1.000
Education level	−0.004	1.000
Legal land status	0.381	0.170	1.000
Primary occupation	0.203	−0.135	−0.565	1.000
Credit access	0.033	0.062	0.103	−0.066	1.0000
Training	−0.776	0.030	0.067	0.159	0.027	1.0000
Distance to market	0.020	0.009	0.099	−0.031	0.128	0.016	1.0000
Sub county	−0.151	−0.045	0.078	−0.080	0.140	−0.061	−0.013	1.000

Table 3. Categorical Socio-economic characteristics of CSAPs project participants in Kakamega County, Kenya

Variable		Participants	Percentage
		(N)	(%)
Gender of the farmer	Female	94	39.17
	Male	146	60.83
Highest Education level of the farmer	Non- formal	13	5.42
	Primary	123	51.25
	Secondary	86	35.83
	Tertiary	18	7.50
Marital status of the farmer	Single	1	0.42
	Married	238	99.17
	Widowed	1	0.42
Legal land Ownership Status	Sole Ownership	185	77.08
	Family land	54	22.50
	Joint Ownership	1	0.42
Primary Occupation of the farmer	Off-farm income	2	0.83
	Farm Income	238	99.17
Agricultural credit access	No	190	79.17
	Yes	50	20.83
Agricultural Extension access	No	6	2.50
	Yes	234	97.50

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of continuous socio-demographic and economic variables

Variable	Participants	Std deviation
Age of the farmer (in years)	52.48	11.04
Household size of the farmer	6.27	2.30
Farm size (in acres)	1.75	1.50
Farming experience (in years)	21.06	9.91
Frequency of Extension services	2.16	1.06

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of extent of farmers’ participation in agricultural projects

	N	Min	Max	Mean	Std. Dev.
Longevity of participation in months	240	0	20	4.71	1.840
Ratio of number of practices adopted by farmer over total number of practices offered by the projects	240	.25	1.00	.7284	.19566

Table 6. Tobit regression estimates of socio-economic factors influencing longevity and number of practices adopted from the projects

Variable	Longevity (in months)			Number of climate-smart practices adopted
	Coef.	SE	dy/dx	Coef.	SE	dy/dx
Gender of the farmer	−1.528	3.300	−1.528	−0.121	0.142	−0.121
Age of the farmer	0.061	0.153	0.061	0.008	0.007	0.008
Non formal education	4.570	6.670	4.570	−0.239	0.287	−0.239
Secondary education	2.021	3.377	2.021	−0.116	0.145	−0.116
Tertiary education	−6.054	5.878	−6.054	0.290	0.253	0.290
Household size	0.457	0.698	0.457	0.015	0.030	0.015
Farm size under agriculture	0.377	1.088	0.377	0.005	0.047	0.005
Legal land status dummies; Family land	−5.242	3.809	−5.242	0.423***	0.528	0.423***
Project funders dummies; Anglican Church of Kenya	5.081	12.250	5.081	0.127	0.528	0.127
German cooperation	−17.954***	6.439	−17.954***	−0.091	0.278	−0.091
Swedish Government	−2.208	4.974	−2.208	0.367*	0.214	0.367*
Number of CSA practices offered by the project	2.116**	0.993	2.116**	0.452***	0.043	0.452***
Access to agricultural credit	−1.412	3.881	−1.412	−0.013	0.167	−0.013
Training on climate-smart practices	0.0680	6.381	0.0680	0.377	0.274	0.377
Frequency of extension visits	−2.751*	1.539	−2.751*	0.017	0.066	0.017
Distance to the market	−6.333*	3.596	−6.333*	−0.330**	0.155	−0.330**
Sub County dummies included	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Constant	45.555	12.956		1.1467	0.556
Log=1071.31 LRchi^2(27) = 69.20 Log =-321.73 LRchi^2(27) = 172.81 Pseudo R^2 = 0.031 Prob> chi^2= 0.000 Pseudo R^2 = 0.211 Prob> chi^2= 0.000 N = 240 N = 240

Note: *, **, *** is significant at 10%, 5% and 1% respectively.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.