Does virtual tourism influence tourist visit intention on actual attraction? A study from tourist behavior in Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Proposed research model.

Table 1. Characteristic of the respondents

Variable	Responses	Frequency	Percentage
Gender	Male	126	58%
	Female	91	42%
Age (year)	1965–1980	9	4%
	1981–1996	63	29%
	1997–2012	145	67%
Education	Senior High School	88	41%
	Diploma/Bachelor	91	42%
	Master	35	16%
	Doctor	3	1%
Income monthly	More than Rp. 500.000 (32.25 USD)	136	63%
	Rp. 500.001- Rp.2.500.000 (32.25–161.26 USD)	24	11%
	Rp. 2.500.000- Rp. 4.500.000 (161.26–290.27 USD)	26	12%
	Rp.4.500.000-Rp. 6.500.000, (290.27–419.29 USD)	14	6%
	More than Rp. 6.500.000, (more than 419.29 USD)	17	8%
Occupation	Students	105	48%
	Private Sector	22	10%
	Lecturer/teacher	23	11%
	Looking for job	31	14%
	Servant society employee	7	3%
	Households	5	2%
	Others.	24	12%

Table 2. The value of Factor loadings, AVE, CR, and Cronbach’s alpha

Indicators	Factor loading	AVE	CR	Cronbach Alpha	Note
Attitude toward VT
During a pandemic, for personal protection, traveling virtually is an excellent alternative to visiting tourist destinations. During a pandemic, virtual travel can be used as entertainment, making tourists happy.	0.928 0.938	0.871	0.931	.852
Subjective Norm toward VT
(1) During the pandemic, I noticed that others around me (such as colleagues, family, and friends) have tried traveling virtually.	0.907
(2) During the pandemic, people who are important to me want me to travel virtually.	0.903	0.721	0.885	.803
(3) During the pandemic, my friends and I plan to visit real tourism destinations as we have seen when traveling virtually.	0.725
Perceived Behavioral Control toward VT
(1) I know and understand how to travel virtually via handphone, computer or other gadgets.	0.846
(2) I think, it is easy to travel virtually.	0.837	0.643	0.878	.817
(3) During the pandemic, I am confident that I can visit real tourism destinations as I have seen them virtually.	0.785
(4) During the pandemic, I was able to virtually visit tourism destinations that I have seen.	0.736
Satisfaction on Virtual Tourism
(1) My virtual travel experience was better than I expected.	0.956
(2) I am happy with my virtual travel experience.	0.958	0.916	0.956	.908
(3) I intend to travel to a real tourism destination during the pandemic.					Deleted
Attitude Change toward VT
(1) After experiencing the experience of traveling virtually during the pandemic, my preference is for tourism destinations that I saw virtually.	0.915
(2) After experiencing the experience of traveling virtually during the pandemic, my preference/priority is for the tourism destinations that I saw virtually.	0.938	0.848	0.944	.911
(3) After experiencing the experience of traveling virtually during the pandemic, my desire is to visit the tourism destination that I saw virtually.	0.909
Visit Intention
(1) I want to repeat my travel experience virtually in the future.	0.866
(2) I would recommend virtual travel activities to my friends and others.	0.936	0.815	0.929	.886
(3) I will tell other people positive things about virtual travel activities.	0.904
(4) I will visit real tourist destinations as I have seen them while traveling virtually.					Deleted

Table 3. Discriminant Validity (Fornell-Larcker Criterion)

	1	2	3	4	5	6
(1) Attitude	0.933
(2) Attitude to change	0.686	0.921
(3) Perceived behavioral control	0.625	0.657	0.802
(4) Satisfaction	0.700	0.734	0.633	0.957
(5) Subjective norm	0.719	0.666	0.684	0.706	0.849
(6) Visit intention	0.752	0.804	0.666	0.776	0.690	0.903

Table 4. Structure Testing model

	Original Sample	Standard Error	T Statistics	P Values
AC1 <- Attitude to change	.384	0.021	18.510	.000
AC2 <- Attitude to change	.372	0.010	37.152	.000
AC3 <- Attitude to change	.330	0.009	37.659	.000
I1 <- Visit intention	.344	0.010	33.155	.000
I2 <- Visit intention	.373	0.010	35.571	.000
I3 <- Visit intention	.390	0.014	28.190	.000
PBC1 <- Perceived behavioral control	.362	0.031	11.776	.000
PBC2 <- Perceived behavioral control	.353	0.030	11.757	.000
PBC3 <- Perceived behavioral control	.265	0.030	8.797	.000
PBC4 <- Perceived behavioral control	.260	0.032	8.047	.000
S1 <- Satisfaction	.516	0.010	53.235	.000
S2 <- Satisfaction	.529	0.010	53.900	.000
SN1 <- Subjective norm	.435	0.025	17.329	.000
SN2 <- Subjective norm	.417	0.022	19.269	.000
SN3 <- Subjective norm	.316	0.032	9.915	.000
A1 <- Attitude	.516	0.020	25.787	.000
A2 <- Attitude	.556	0.026	21.116	.000

Table 5. Result of Structural Equation Model

	Original sample (Estimated/ β)	T Values	P Values	Decision	R^2
Attitude -> Satisfaction	.343	4.510	.000***	Supported	0.594
Subjective norm -> Satisfaction	.324	4.024	.000***	Supported
Perceived behavioral control -> Satisfaction	.197	2.631	.009***	Supported
Satisfaction -> Attitude to change	.734	17.109	.000***	Supported	0.539
Satisfaction -> Visit intention	.402	5.209	.000***	Supported	0.721
Attitude to change -> Visit intention	.509	6.391	.000***	Supported

*** Significant at the p < 0.05 level (two-tailed).

Table 6. A mediation analysis

	Original Sample (estimated β)	T Values	P Values	Percentile 95% Interval	Bootstrap Confidence
				Lower	Upper
Attitude -> Satisfaction -> Visit intention	0.138	3.403	0.001***	0.064	.219
Satisfaction -> Attitude to change -> Visit intention	0.374	6.001	0.000***	0.264	.501
Perceived behavioral control -> Satisfaction -> Visit intention	0.079	2.186	0.029***	0.020	.164
Attitude -> Satisfaction -> Attitude to change	0.252	4.196	0.000***	0.139	.374
Subjective norm -> Satisfaction -> Visit intention	0.130	3.285	0.001***	0.058	.211
Subjective norm -> Satisfaction -> Attitude to change	0.238	3.944	0.000***	0.125	.351
Perceived behavioral control -> Satisfaction -> Attitude to change	0.145	2.580	0.010***	0.034	.269
Attitude -> Satisfaction -> Attitude to change -> Visit intention	0.128	3.400	0.001***	0.063	.208
Subjective norm -> Satisfaction -> Attitude to change -> Visit intention	0.121	3.210	0.001***	0.052	.199
Perceived behavioral control -> Satisfaction -> Attitude change -> Visit intention	0.074	2.476	0.014***	0.019	.136

*** Significant at the p < 0.05 level (two-tailed).