Public policy and its impact on innovation, competitiveness, and performance in the tourism sector

Figures & data

Graph 1. Organizational performance measurement model.

Source: Zuñiga-Collazos et al. (2019, p. 187) from Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983, p. 369).

Graph 2. Conceptual theoretical model.

Source: Prepared by the author.

Table 1. Reliability of the first-order construct scale

	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Quality	0.802	0.910	0.835
Organizational Competitiveness (Meso and Micro)	0.876	0.915	0.729
Innovation Marketing	0.789	0.877	0.703
Product Innovation	0.717	0.841	0.639
Innovation and Creativity	0.707	0.836	0.718
Innovation Process	0.713	0.840	0.637
Organizational Innovation	0.726	0.846	0.647
Human Relations Model	0.733	0.848	0.651
Internal Model	0.783	0.873	0.697
Rational Model	0.780	0.872	0.695
Transparency	0.796	0.881	0.712

Source: Prepared by the author.

Graph 3. Model result of PLS Algorithm.

Source: Prepared by the author.

Table 2. Hypothesis testing

HYPOTHESIS	T Statistics	P Values	2.5%	97.5%
H1: Innovation -> Competitiveness	0.256	0.798	−0.365	0.255
H2: Public policies-> Competitiveness	5.286	0.000	0.255	0.634
H3: Innovation -> Performance	5.072	0.000	0.337	0.765
H4: Performance -> Competitiveness	2.022	0.044	0.008	0.515
H5: Public policies -> Innovation	4.501	0.000	0.266	0.680
H6: Public policies-> Performance	2.540	0.011	0.049	0.483

Source: Prepared by the author.

Table

Construct	Category	Measurable variable	Authors
Public Policy	Transparency and accountability	1-The public administration takes criticism and suggestions for improvement seriously.	Vigoda‐Gadot and Yuval (2003)
		2-The public administration is open to public exposure and the media.	Vigoda‐Gadot and Yuval (2003)
		3-The public administration seriously considers errors identified by the state control entities.	Vigoda‐Gadot and Yuval (2003)
	Innovation and Creativity	4-The public administration formulates promising ideas to boost tourism in Colombia.	Lerda et al. (2003)
		5-Compared to other countries, tourism policies have promising ideas to improve the quality of tourism.	Lerda et al. (2003)
		6-Technology is involved in the development of the tourism sector.	Lerda et al. (2003)
	Management Quality	7-The public administration responds promptly to the requests made to it.	Roth (2010)
		8-The administration is sensitive to the opinions of the sector and makes a sincere effort to support those companies that need help.	Roth (2010)
		9-Appeals to public agencies are dealt appropriately, concisely, and within a reasonable time.	Roth (2010)
Innovation	Products/Services	10-Changes or improvements in existing products/services.	Reina (2016), Velasco and Zamanillo (2008)
		11-Marketing of new products/services.	Reina (2016), Velasco and Zamanillo (2008)
		12-Research and development to create new products.	Naranjo et al. (2016) Reina (2016), Velasco and Zamanillo (2008)
	Processes	13-Changes or improvements in production/service processes.	Zuñiga-Collazos (2015), Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, 2018)
		14-Acquisition of new property and equipment.	Zuñiga-Collazos (2015), Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, (2018)
		15-Coordination of the company’s areas for improvement.	Zuñiga-Collazos (2015), Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, (2018)
	Organizational	16-Direction and management (How to direct and manage the company).	Gálvez (2011), Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, (2018), Zuñiga-Collazos (2015)
		17-Purchases and procurement (The way to direct and conduct purchases and procurement of what the company needs).	Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, (2018), Zuñiga-Collazos (2015)
		18-Marketing/sales.	Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y Eurostat, (2018)
	Marketing	19- Implementation of marketing strategies to improve customer satisfaction (Actions undertaken to satisfy the customer).	Gálvez (2011), Zuñiga-Collazos (2015)
		20-Application of marketing strategies focused on satisfying customers’ needs (Actions taken to satisfy needs).	Gálvez (2011), Zuñiga-Collazos (2015)
		21-Application of marketing strategies aimed at improving the image of the company’s products and services (Actions conducted to improve the image).	Gálvez (2011), Zuñiga-Collazos (2015)
Performance	Internal	22-Quality of the product/service.	Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) Naranjo-Valencia et al. (2016)
		23-Efficiency of internal operational processes (Good management of resources in processes, procedures, or activities within the company).	Yu and Wu (2009) ¸ Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983)
		24-Organization of personnel tasks (Ordering of employee tasks).	Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983) Naranjo-Valencia et al. (2016)
	Rational	25-Increase in market share (Increase in sales by current and/or new customers).	Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983)
		26-Increased profitability (higher earnings).	O’Neill and Quinn (1993)
		27-Increased productivity (Performing work, products or services in less time or at lower cost).	Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1983)
	Human Relations	28-Motivation/employee Satisfaction.	Quinn and Cameron (1983)
		29-Reduction of personnel turnover (Reduction of personnel due to voluntary resignation).	Quinn and Cameron (1983)
		30-Reduction in absenteeism (Reduction of employees absent from work).	Tolbert and Hall (2015)
Competitiveness	Meso	31-Current profitability (Current profits obtained by their company compared to those of their competitors).	Gutiérrez and Almanza (2016)
		32-Profitability of the last five years (Profit obtained by their company compared to those of their competitors in the last five years).	Gutiérrez and Almanza (2016)
	Micro	33-Gross profit (Profit obtained by their company after payroll, suppliers, taxes, expenses, etc. compared to their competitors).	Michel and Barragán (2018)
		34-Ability to achieve the economic goals set (How much of the planned profits have been achieved compared to the competition).	Michel and Barragán (2018)

Source: Prepared by the author.

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