A gender differential analysis of determinants of pesticide application in cocoa system farming of Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Explanatory variable for binary/ordered logit model

VAR	Variable	Unit of measurement	A priori Exp.
Independent Variables
AGE	Age of farmer	Measured in years	±
SEX	Sex	Sex of farmer(0 = female, 1 = male)	±
AGFR	Age of cocoa farm	Number of years the farm has been in existence.	+
HHSIZE	Household size	Number of persons in the household	±
FRE	Farming experience	Measured in years	±
FRSIZ	Size of cocoa farm	Measured in acres	+
MS	Marital status	Marriage (0 = single, 1 = married)	±
EDU	Educational level	Number of years spent in school	±
EXT	Extension contacts	Number of times	+
FBO	Participation in a farmer-based organization	Dummy (0 = no, 1=yes)	+
REL	Religion	Dummy (0 = Not Christian, 1=Christian)
ACC	Access to credit	Dummy (0 = no access, 1 = access)	±
TRN	Participation in training on pesticide application	Dummy (0 = no, 1=yes)	+
Dependent Variables
KN	Knowledge	Dummy (0 = no knowledge, 1=knowledge)
AT	Attitude	Categorical (low-1, moderate-2, high-3)
SK	Skills	Categorical (low-1, moderate-2, high-3)
AS	Aspirations	Categorical (low-1, moderate-2, high-3)

Table 2. Socioeconomic characteristics of cocoa farmers

Variable	Male (n=182)		Female (n=182)
	Mean	Std. Dev.	Mean	Std. Dev.
Age of farmer	48.81	11.05	47.9	11.83
Household size	6.42	2.58	6.07	2.01
Years of farming	19.08	9.3	16.25	8.1
Age of cocoa farm	18.01	8.04	15.67	6.9
Size of cocoa farm	6.73	4.43	5.04	3.42
Extension Contacts	6.32	3.47	5.69	2.93
Years of education	9.13	2.67	6.24	4.20
Marital status	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
Others	22	12.1	41	22.54
Married	160	87.91	141	77.47
Access to credit	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
No	103	56.59	89	48.9
Yes	79	43.41	93	51.1
Religion	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
Others (Moslems, Traditionalists, etc.)	3	1.65	8	4.4
Christian	179	98.35	174	95.6
Received training on pesticide application	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
No	10	5.49	10	5.49
Yes	172	94.51	172	94.51
Membership in farmers association	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
No	33	18.13	32	17.58
Yes	149	81.87	150	82.42
Certification scheme	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
No	98	53.85	103	56.59
Yes	84	46.15	79	43.41
Access to premium in the last cocoa season	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
No	117	64.29	113	62.09
Yes	65	35.71	69	37.91
Outcome Variables
Knowledge of cocoa farmers	Male (n=182)		Female (n=182)
	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
Knowledge	33	18.13	82	45.05
No knowledge	149	81.87	100	54.95
Attitude
Low	50	27.47	20	10.99
Moderate	79	43.41	73	40.11
High	53	29.12	89	48.9
Practices
Low	72	39.56	10	5.49
Knowledge of cocoa farmers	Male (n=182)		Female (n=182)
	Freq.	Percent	Freq.	Percent
Moderate	10	5.49	120	65.93
High	100	54.94	52	28.57
Aspirations
Low	54	29.67	60	23.63
Moderate	58	31.87	79	43.41
High	70	38.46	43	32.96

Source: Field Survey (2022).

Table 3. Binary logit analysis of the determinants of male and female cocoa farmers’ knowledge towards pesticide use

Variable	Male			Female
	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio
Age	0.027*	0.014	0.985	0.022*	0.013	2.969
Marital status	0.276	0.232	0.918	−0.303	0.185	1.101
Household size	−0.011	0.042	1.009	0.015	0.063	0.807
Years of education	0.231**	0.090	3.578	−0.177	0.135	0.892
Cocoa farming experience	−0.026	0.019	7.066	−0.003	0.023	1.830
Age of cocoa farm	0.018	0.016	1.279	−0.003	0.023	0.895
Size of cocoa farm	−0.025	0.026	6.339	0.102***	0.042	2.014
Religion	0.275	0.208	0.787	0.418	0.279	1.134
Number of extension contacts	−0.030	0.034	0.473	0.220***	0.057	3.004
Access to premium	−0.134	0.308	0.665	0.537	0.531	2.312
Producing under a certification scheme	0.211	0.307	1.491	−0.235	0.552	1.671
Membership in cocoa farmers’ organization	0.620*	0.286	2.059	0.266	0.394	4.102
Participation in training programme	0.535***	0.271	1.006	0.648	0.672	2.335
_cons	−1.242	0.764	0.804	−0.724	1.041	0.986
Observations	182			182
LR chi^2(13)	13.27			33.6
Prob > chi^2	0.000			0.001
Pseudo R^2	0.533			0.771
Log-likelihood	−117.932			−81.518

Source: Field Survey, (2022). Note: ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10.

Table 4. Ordered logit analysis on the determinants of the attitude of male and female cocoa farmers towards pesticide usage

Variable	Male			Female
	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio
Age	0.075	0.114	2.513	−0.158	0.106	1.137
Marital status	−0.658	1.984	1.740	4.968**	2.180	2.023
Household size	−0.592*	0.346	0.987	0.622	0.445	0.962
Years of education	0.688	0.718	2.338	0.900	0.769	3.242
Cocoa farming experience	0.202	0.178	4.255	0.066	0.186	2.723
Age of cocoa farm	0.060	0.093	3.514	−0.148	0.225	3.510
Size of cocoa farm	0.311	0.247	0.907	0.160	0.337	0.935
Religion	0.385	1.418	0.786	6.314**	3.277	1.054
Number of extension contacts	0.209**	0.314	2.031	−0.306	0.304	2.314
Access to premium	0.978	1.971	1.620	20.930	2849.511	0.994
Producing under a certification scheme	−0.314	1.563	2.841	2.021	5.940	0.734
Membership in cocoa farmers’ organization	1.550	1.548	0.317	0.729	2.056	0.723
Participation in training programme	0.066	1.908	1.972	10.755***	4.196	1.010
/cut1	3.446	5.056	3.446	13.314	7.722	13.314
/cut2	2.530	4.260	2.530	12.412	5.124	12.412
Observations	182			182
LR chi^2(13)	19.16			67.06
Prob > chi^2	0.010			0.000
Pseudo R^2	0.418			0.758
Log-likelihood	−13.324			−10.697

Source: Field Survey, (2022). Note: ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10.

Table 5. Ordered logit analysis on the determinants of the practices of male and female cocoa farmers towards pesticide usage

Practice	Male			Female
	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio
Age	0.020**	0.020	1.985	0.016	0.024	1.511
Marital status	0.301	0.288	1.295	−0.445	0.420	1.290
Household size	0.098	0.095	3.300	−0.190***	0.077	0.914
Years of Education	−0.224	0.215	0.998	−0.189	0.158	2.233
Years of farming	−0.045	0.035	2.199	0.093***	0.035	3.009
Age of cocoa farm	0.055	0.037	1.144	0.041	0.031	2.177
Size of cocoa farm	−0.069	0.065	3.290	0.093*	0.049	1.055
Religion	0.643	0.765	2.401	0.126	0.535	0.815
Number of extension contacts	0.153**	0.078	1.051	0.038	0.060	0.728
Access to premium	0.575	0.734	1.433	1.160**	0.559	2.038
Producing under a certification scheme	−1.128***	0.420	1.007	0.097	0.366	1.791
Membership in cocoa farmers’ organization	1.512**	0.669	3.024	−0.174	0.525	1.741
Participation in training programme	4.067***	1.317	3.002	1.480*	0.844	3.080
/cut1	−5.164	1.910	−5.164	−0.833	1.331	−0.833
/cut2	1.483	1.872	1.483	0.732	1.332	0.732
Observations	182			182
LR chi^2(13)	66.560			36.94
Prob > chi^2	0.000			0.000
Pseudo R^2	0.253			0.151
Log-likelihood	−98.049			−103.684

Source: Field Survey, (2022). Note: ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10.

Table 6. Ordered logit analysis on the determinants of the aspiration of male and female cocoa farmers towards pesticide usage

Variable	Male			Female
	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio	Coef.	Std. Err.	Odds ratio
Age of respondent	0.042*	0.025	0.892	0.023**	0.025	2.036
Marital status	1.113**	0.505	1.028	0.479	0.351	1.172
Household size	−0.047	0.077	0.936	0.165	0.126	1.191
Years of Education	0.057	0.158	2.720	0.734**	0.337	2.030
Years of farming	0.077**	0.035	2.027	−0.049	0.042	1.246
Age of cocoa farm	0.088	0.034	3.009	0.043	0.044	1.326
Size of cocoa farm	−0.062	0.046	2.178	−0.030	0.083	2.722
Religion	−0.975***	0.372	2.009	0.124	0.579	0.931
Number of extension contacts	0.119*	0.064	1.062	−0.160	0.106	1.129
Access to premium	−0.151	0.561	1.788	0.267	0.924	0.973
Producing under a certification scheme	−0.445	0.549	2.417	0.718	1.012	2.478
Membership in cocoa farmers’ organization	−0.499	0.607	3.411	−0.983	0.771	1.202
Participation in training programme	−0.080	0.867	2.926	1.157	1.221	3.343
/cut1	1.187	1.425	1.187	1.223	2.154	1.223
/cut2	1.483	1.672	1.483	1.483	1.412	1.183
Observations	182			182
LR chi^2(13)	36.96			28.25
Prob > chi^2	0.000			0.0084
Pseudo R^2	0.155			0.1807
Log-likelihood	−100.14			−64.0142

Source: Field Survey, (2022). Note: ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.10.

Data availability statement

Data is available from the authors upon request.