Towards a New approach to community-based rural development: Lesson learned from Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. The conceptual framework of community-based development plus (CBD+).

Figure 2. Research site map.

Table 1. Village status and typology of research samples

Villages	Regencies - Provinces	Village Status (VDI)*	Village Typology**
Huntu Selatan	Bone Bolango- Gorontalo	Developed	Farming/Agriculture
Liang Sola	Manggarai Barat- NTT	Underdeveloped
Siru	Manggarai Barat- NTT	Developing
Bantarsari	Bogor - West Java	Developed
Kalensari	Indramayu - West Java	Developing
Majasari	Indramayu - West Java	Independent
Sirnajaya	Bogor - West Java	Developed	Forestry
Tugu Utara	Bogor - West Java	Independent
Lubuk Bintialo	Musi Banyuasin - South Sumatera	Developing
Papagarang	Manggarai Barat- NTT	Underdeveloped	Fisheries
Komodo	Manggarai Barat- NTT	Developing
Botubarani	Bone Bolango- Gorontalo	Developing
Olele	Bone Bolango- Gorontalo	Developed
Cemara	Indramayu - West Java	Developing
Dadap	Indramayu - West Java	Developed

Notes: *VDI is the abbreviation of Village Development Index (Indeks Desa Membangun, IDM) data taken from the Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration (2021).

**Village typology is based on official information from the regency and village governments.

Table 2. The presence of proper governance indicators in three village’s typologies

Proper Governance	Village’s Typologies
	Farming Villages	Forestry Villages	Fishery Villages
Developmental	Integration of agricultural business Seed self-reliance program Agro-tourism	Agroforestry commodity, especially in coffee Coffee trading	There is a problem with depleting fish stock and overfishing Eco-marine tourism
Democratic	Society and village government are strongly democratic as it is mandated by law and chosen by village societies Active society contributes to the village’s development	Society is still finding its form of democracy Communication between society and village government does not work well	Democracy is in form but only by regulation Implementing democracy only to the extent mandated by law
Social Inclusivity	The village allocates the budget for society empowerment, including women farmer’s group	Difficulty in convincing the society member to keep their commitment to the specific program, such as social forestry	Prominent social inclusion program among fishermen in the village Building mutual trust between village government and the society
Local Context	Initiate a local festival to promote the locality in producing high-quality rice seeds independently	Emphasize and incorporate local customs into the social forestry program to address forest degradation issues	Preserve an optimal aquatic environment and safeguard the marine ecosystem following traditional norms and local government regulations

Source: Compiled from field research.

Table 3. The presence of social innovation indicators in three village’s typologies

Social Innovation	Village’s Typologies
	Farming Villages	Forestry Villages	Fishery Villages
Proper Technology	The innovation is shown in the use of technology that fits with the local society, such as superior seed producer Collaborating with local private sector to get technical assistance Integrated development with the tourism sector	The innovation is shown in the use of technology that fits with the local society, such as the coffee cultivation method Lack of capital to maintain and operate the machinery and production process Integrated development with the tourism sector	The innovation is shown in the use of technology that fits with the local society, such as environmentally fishing gear Relatively expensive fishing gears
Novelty	The creation of new ideas as novelty is developed gradually Starting the new creation from investigating, imitating, modifying, and inventing for the society to generating income in various economic activities	The new idea brought by the local champion as a new thing that was imitated and modified from another area to be implemented in their area with some adjustments	Create new activities, other than fishing, that support the local livelihood Inventing new and better tools/gears for fishing which are effective and environmentally friendly
Local Champion	Village leaders have pivotal roles in facilitating society’s needs Village leader formulating a proper development plan based on society’s aspiration during a village consultation meeting	Local initiators under the supervision of local NGOs can implement the development program for their group. However, the dependency on NGOs occurred without a good exit strategy	Local people were able to drive and initiate some economic activities that involve the society in rural development
Meeting Social Needs	Some machinery equipment (such as rice harvester) supplied by the central government that is incompatible with the with the contour of the farming landscape	Social Forestry program has failed to support society in accessing credit People continue to preserve forests by exercising their right to choose the most suitable and profitable crops/plants	Eco-marine tourism introduced in the coastal village can meet the local capacity in preserving the marine and coastal areas, and people can generate more income from the tourism

Source: Compiled from field research.

Figure 3. The hybrid model for community-based development plus (+).

Note: This figure is developed in the basis of study in the three cases of rural typologies (farming, forestry, and fisheries), modified from Purwanto et al. (2021).

Table

Appendix 1. Dimensions and parameter of proper governance in rural development
Dimensions	Parameter
Developmental	Household income levelThe potential job creationEnvironmental conservation
Democratic	Community participation in the planning and implementation of development programsAccountability and public transparency in the management of development programs
Socially Inclusive	Equal treatment for the community to access resourcesMutual trust between the local community and village governmentEqual opportunity for men and women to be involved in village organizations
Local Content	Leading sector development in each rural area based on local potentialImplementation of community values or traditions into village development programsRole of traditional values and institutions in improving effective communication between village government and local community

Table

Appendix 2. Dimensions and parameter of social innovation in rural development
Dimensions	Parameter
Proper Technology	Training and program assistance suitable to the needs of the village communityUtilization of proper technology in the production process and product marketing
Local Champion	Individual/group from the community who acts as initiators and/or drivers of innovationIndividual from the village government who acts as drivers of innovationIndividual/group from the community who can show evidence of success (in production, marketing, etc.)
Novelty	New invention/innovation of novelty (genuine)Elaboration, innovation to improve/add to something that already exists
Meeting Social Needs	Innovation programs to meet the needs of the communityBusiness innovation to solve problems in the community

Purwanto, P., Yuliana, C. I., Hidayat, S., Yaumidin, U. K., Nadjib, M., Sambodo, M. T., Hidayatina, A., & Suryanto, J. (2021). Social innovation in social forestry: seeking better management for sustainable forest in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference of Indonesia Forestry Researchers - Stream 4 Engaging Social Economic of Environment and Forestry, Better Social Welfare, 08 September, 2021, Bogor, Indonesia, 917, 012010. IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012010

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