The mediating role of resilience to income and household dietary diversity: Insights from rural Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Resilience conceptual framework (FAO, 2016).

Table 1. Indicators of resilience

Resilience Pillars	Components
	Monthly per capita food expenditure (log)
	Household Dietary Diversity score (HDD)
Access to Basic services (ABS)	Inverse distance to veterinary services
	Inverse distance to primary schools
	Inverse distance to healthcare center
	Inverse distance to main market
	Inverse distance to safe drinking water
	Inverse distance to Farmer Training center (FTC)
Asset (ASST)	Agricultural asset index
	Tropical Livestock Units (TLU)per capita
Social Safety Nets (SSN)	Membership in productive safety net program
Adaptive Capacity	HH head average years of education
	Dependency ratio (inverse)
	=1 if household member is engaged in non-farm wage work or casual/irregular wage

Source: FAO (2018).

Table 2. RIMA domain indicators included in the study

Domain	FAO suggested indicators	Mean	Std. dev	Min	Max
Outcome indicators	Monthly per capita food expenditure (log)	5.61	0.88	2.93	8.11
	Household Dietary Diversity score (HDD)	3.51	1.85	0.00	8
Access to Basic services (ABS)	Inverse distance to veterinary services	0.12	0.14	0.00	1
	Inverse distance to primary schools	0.10	0.08	0.00	0.5
	Inverse distance to healthcare center	0.14	0.13	0.00	1
	Inverse distance to main market	0.05	0.13	0.00	1
	Inverse distance to safe drinking water	0.10	0.14	0.00	1
	Inverse distance to Farmer Training center (FTC)	0.12	0.13	0.00	1
Asset (ASST)	Agricultural asset index	0.50	0.21	0.00	1
	Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU) per capita	0.56	0.48	0.00	4.51
Social Safety Nets (SSN)	Membership in PSNP (1=yes)	0.50	0.50	0.00	1
Adaptive Capacity	HH head average years of education	3.91	4.45	0.00	18
	Dependency ratio (inverse)	1.48	1.34	0.17	7
	=1 if household member is engaged in non-farm wage work or casual/irregular wage	0.20	0.40	0.00	1

Table 3. Mean difference between PSNP members and non-members

S. No	Variable	Group	Mean	Std. dev	Diff	T	Sig.
1	Resilience Index	PSNP Non-member	0.52	0.01	0.09	4.55	00
		PSNP member	0.43	0.01
		PSNP-member with non-farm activity	0.51	0.04	0.11	2.98	0.0
		PSNP-member without non-farm activity	0.40	0.01
2	Monthly per capita food expenditure	PSNP Non-member	5.76	0.82	0.30	3.05	0.0
		PSNP member	5.45	0.07

Source: Own analysis from the survey data.

Figure 2. Scatter diagram showing the relationship between resilience and monthly per capita food expenditure.

Source: Own analysis from the survey data.

Table 4. RIMA II MIMIC determinants and indicators

Variables	Coefficients
Structural model
Access to Basic services (ABS)	0.99** (0.45)
Asset (ASST)	1.86*** (0.33)
Social safety Nets (SSN)	0.80** (0.40)
Adaptive Capacity (AC)	0.44** (0.20)
Measurement Model
Per capita monthly food expenditure	1.00
Household dietary diversity (HDDS)	2.02*** (0.40)
Statistics
Observations	268
Chi2	5.20
Prob > Chi2	0.000
RMSEA	0.05
Probability RMSEA<0.05	0.01
CFI	0.97
TLI	0.92

Standard errors in parentheses, ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1.

Source: Own analysis from the survey data.

Table 5. Results of the beta regression model (soruce: analysis from data set)

VARIABLES	Resilience Capacity Index
Age of the household head (in years)	.00
	(.00)
Sex of the household head (1=female)	−.16**
	(.08)
Household size (in number)	−.08***
	(.02)
Education of the household head (in years)	.31***
	(.07)
Marital status of the household head (1= single)	−.02
	(.09)
Engagement in non_farm activities	.19**
	(.08)
Engagement in off_farm activities	−.35**
	(.16)
PSNP participation (1=Yes)	.18***
	(.07)
Asset index	2.16***
	(.17)
Total credit amount	2.33e-05***
	(8.93e-06)
Crop failure (1=yes)	−.14*
	(.07)
Farming as occupation (1= Yes)	−.16*
	(.09)
Constant	−.51**
	(.21)
Scale	2.62***
	(.08)
Statistics
Observations	284
Log likelihood	19.37
LR Chi2(10)	207.34
Prob>chi2	.000

Link Function=g(u) l.og(u/(l.-u){logit}.

Source: Own analysis from the survey data.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). Dietary diversity score: A measure of nutritional adequacy. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5486e.pdf

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FAO. (2018). Resilience for food and nutrition security. http://www.fao.org/3/I9553EN/i9553en.pdf

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