Public life in flux: A journey from the 1940s to the present

Figures & data

Figure 1. Methodology of the study.

Figure 2. Location of the squares (a. Paris Square, b. Red Square, c. Times Square).^[1]

Figure 3. The spatial change of Paris Square, Berlin (1940–2020).^[2][3]

Figure 4. The spatial change of Red Square, Moscow (1940–2023).^[2][4]

Figure 5. The spatial change of Times Square, New York (1940–2020).^[2][5][6][7]

Figure 6. Change of social behaviour and Activities.^{[2] [8]}

Figure 6. (Continued).

Table 1. Evaluation of socio-spatial breaking points

Decades	Cities	Fundamental Events	Any spatial effects? (Direct/Indirect)	What are the changes in the socio-spatial structure?	Notes or Keywords
The 1940s	Berlin	World War II (1945)	Direct	Demolition in the city	Unusable public spaces
	Moscow		Indirect	military demonstrations	October Revolution, The Victory Parade
	New York		Indirect	Celebrations	VJ Day
The 1950s	Berlin	Cold War	Direct	The Node of Cold War	A new war following the war
	Moscow	Stalin’s Funeral	Direct	commemoration, stampede	Stalinization process
	New York	Disreputable Businesses	Direct	Beginning of socio-spatial transformation
The 1960s	Berlin	Berlin War	Direct	A barrier in the city
	Moscow	Protest, Demonstration, Moving Stalin’s Grave	Indirect	military demonstrations	Change of city name Stalingrad—Volgograd
	New York	The publicization of obscenity	Direct	The change in commercial building function and public person
The 1970s	Berlin	urban renewal	Direct	erasing the traces of war, integration
	Moscow	Parade, Revolution		May Day, Monument Necropolis
	New York	Sex market, urban crime
The 1980s	Berlin	End of Cold War	Direct	Togetherness in the city
	Moscow	revolution, celebration, parade	Direct	Victory Day Parade, 1989 October Revolution
	New York	Commercial buildings, billboards	Direct
The 1990s	Berlin	The farewell of America, England, France, and Russia to the city.	Direct	Celebrations, urban revitalisation
	Moscow	Soviet collapse, exhibitions, global festivals	Direct	Fashion shows, Exhibitions	UNESCO World Heritage
	New York	Theatre and entertainment, Disneyfication	Direct	Socio-spatial and functional changes
The 2000s	Berlin	Urban design, activities	Direct	Highway regulations, pedestrianization,
	Moscow	celebration and show	Indirect	Victory Day Celebrations
	New York	9/11 Attacks, Yoga, Smoke-Free Square, Pedestrian Square	Direct	Awareness
The 2010s	Berlin	festival, tourism	Direct	Celebrations, crowded uses	festival of lights
	Moscow	celebration and show	Indirect	Crowd	Ice rink
	New York	Transformation project, pedestrian priority square	Direct	Activities for pedestrians
At the beginning of 2020s	Berlin	COVID 19	Direct and Indirect	Health and hygiene
	Moscow	COVID-19 - War	Direct and Indirect	Health and hygiene
	New York	COVID 19	Direct and Indirect	Health and hygiene