Domestic conflict as a possible outcome of gender role change: Experiences and perceptions from rural and urban Ghana

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents

Community	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Abetinim	60	30.0	0	0.0	60	15.0
Ofoase	53	26.5	0	0.0	53	13.2
Odoyefe	70	35.0	0	0.0	70	17.5
Nsonyameye/Kokode	17	8.5	0	0.0	17	4.2
Amakom	0	0.0	146	73.0	146	36.5
Asafo	0	0.0	54	27.0	54	13.5
Total	200	100.0	200	100.0	400	100
Sex
Male	98	49.0	92	46.0	190	47.5
Female	102	51.0	108	54.0	210	52.5
Total	200	100.0	200	100.5	400	100.0
Respondent’s Status in the Household
Head	56	28.0	49	24.5	105	26.2
Spouse	71	35.5	70	35.0	141	35.2
Parent	46	23.0	55	27.5	101	25.2
Daughter/son	25	12.5	22	11.0	47	11.8
Others	2	1.0	4	2.0	6	1.5
Total	200	100.0	200	100.0	400	100.0
Household Size
1–5	99	49.5	127	63.5	226	56.5
6–10	62	31.0	45	22.5	107	26.8
11–15	35	17.5	23	11.5	58	14.5
16–20	4	2.0	2	1.0	6	1.5
20+	3	1.5	0	0.0	3	0.8
Total	200	100.0	200	100.0	400	100.0

Table 2. The demographic data of respondents

Age of Respondents	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
20–30 years	56	28.0	83	41.5	139	34.8
31–40 years	105	52.5	81	40.5	186	46.5
41–50 years	26	13.0	30	15.0	56	14.0
51–60 years	13	6.5	6	3.0	19	4.8
Total	200	100.0	200	100	400	100
Marital Status of Respondents
Single	52	26.0	75	37.5	127	31.8
Married	139	69.5	121	60.5	260	65.0
Widow/widower	5	2.5	3	1.5	8	2.0
Divorced	4	2.0	1	0.5	5	1.2
Total	200	100.0	200	100.5	400	100.0

Table 3. Other socio-demographic characteristics

Occupation	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Farming	116	58	5	2.5	121	30.0
Trading	17	8.5	15	7.5	32	8.0
Dressmaking	5	2.5	3	1.5	8	2.0
Hairdressing	14	7.0	1	0.5	15	3.8
Building and Construction	5	2.5	7	3.5	12	3.0
Food vending	3	1.5	2	1.0	5	1.3
Driving	3	1.5	0	0.0	3	0.8
Formal Public Sector Job	4	2.0	68	34.0	72	18.0
Formal Private Sector Job	3	1.5	62	31.0	65	16.3
Not Employed	24	12.0	24	12.0	48	12.0
Others (Specify)	6	3.0	13	6.5	19	4.8
Total	200	100.0	200	100	400	100
Level of Formal Education
No formal education	18	9.0	0	0.0	4.5	4.5
Primary	33	16.5	1	0.5	8.5	8.5
JHS/Middle Sch.	107	53.5	5	2.5	28	28.0
SHS/Tec/Voc	11	5.5	17	8.5	7	7.0
Polytechnic	5	2.5	13	6.5	4.5	4.5
University	26	13.0	160	80.0	46.5	46.5
Other, (specify)	0	0.0	4	2.0	1	1.0
Total	200	100.0	200	100.5	400	100.0
Average Household Income (GHC)
50–500	162	81.0	6	3.0	168	42
550–1000	37	18.5	21	10.5	58	14.5
1050–1500	0	0.0	20	10.0	20	5
1550–2000	0	0.0	32	16.0	32	8
2050–2500	0	0.0	18	9.0	18	4.5
2550–3000	0	0.0	22	11.0	22	5.5
3050+	1	0.5	81	40.5	82	20.5
Total	200	100.0	200	100	400	100

Table 4. Gender role change and domestic conflicts

Variables	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Significantly worsens	25	12.5	14	7	39	9.8
Worsens	9	4.5	21	10.5	30	7.5
No change	18	9	30	15	48	12
Reduces	54	27	73	36.5	127	31.8
Significantly reduces	94	47	62	31	156	39
Total	200	100	200	100	400	100

Figure 1. Respondent’s perceptions on the effects of financial independence on domestic violence against women.

Table 5. Respondents’ perceptions of the impact of resource and power sharing on households

Variables	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Increased domestic violence	23	11.5	26	13	49	12.3
Threatened of men	73	36.5	52	26	125	31.3
Insecurity on the part of men	27	13.5	37	18.5	64	16
Arrogance on the part of women	23	11.5	30	15	53	13.3
All the above	15	7.5	24	12	39	9.8
None of the above	39	19.5	31	15.5	70	17.5
Total	200	100	200	100	400	100

Table 7. Women’s attitudes towards gender role change

Variables	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
Women’s Attitudes	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Reduction in respect for the husband	81	40.5	70	35	151	37.8
Take control of decision-making rights	39	19.5	22	11	61	15.3
Arrogance	20	10	20	10	40	10
Stops cooking	6	3.0	3	1.5	9	2.3
Abuse husband	0	0	2	1	2	0.5
Intolerant	4	2	12	6	16	4
All the above	16	8	26	13	42	10.5
Contribute to household income	10	5	19	9.5	29	7.3
Remain submissive and go about normal duties	24	12	26	13	50	12.5
Total	200	100	200	100	400	100

Table 6. Perceived men’s attitude towards role changes

Variables	Locality				Total
	Rural		Urban
Men’s Attitudes	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percentage
Reduced child care	36	18	12	6	48	12
Reduced care for wife	16	8	12	6	28	7
Increased bitterness towards wife and children	33	16.5	44	22	77	19.3
Becomes abusive towards wife	7	3.5	9	4.5	16	4
Become abusive towards children	8	4	6	3	14	3.5
Stop paying bills	3	1.5	5	2.5	8	2
Alcoholism	8	4	6	3	14	3.5
Remain responsible and go about normal duties	89	45.5	106	53	195	48.8
Total	200	100	200	100	400	100

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [BW], upon reasonable request.