Shifts in geographical preference for illegal production and distribution of synthetic narcotics in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1. Indications of social cohesion.

Indicator	Community		Social norm		Perception		Social Interaction		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Frq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	112	50	37	38.54	51	76.69	23	35.9	223	51
Do Not Know	80	35.71	35	36.46	8	12.5	10	15.6	133	25.1
Yes	32	14.29	24	25	5	7.81	31	48.4	92	23.9
Total	224	100	96	100	64	100	64	100	448	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (BNN, 2011).

Table 2. General Characteristics.

Indicator	Religions community		Population activity
	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	17	34	14	14
Do Not Know	11	0	16	0
Yes	4	8	2	4
Total	32	42	32	18

Source: Quantitative Research Results (BNN, 2010).

Table 3. The Law Enforcement Apparatus Group.

Indicator	Community		Social norm		Perception		Social Interaction		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Frq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	114	60.32	28	34.57	52	96.3	30	55.56	224	51
Do Not Know	32	16.93	4	4.94	0	0	7	12.96	43	25.1
Yes	43	22.75	49	60.49	2	3.7	17	31.48	111	23.9
Total	189	100	81	100	54	100	54	100	378	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (BNN, 2019).

Table 4. Remote Area.

Indicator	Remote area		Population activity		Business activity		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	69	71.875	11	34.4	46	47.92	126	51
Do Not Know	6	6.25	4	12.5	11	11.46	21	25.1
Yes	21	21.88	17	53.1	39	40.63	77	23.9
Total	96	100	32	100	96	100	224	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (Tempo, 2019).

Table 5. Physical environmental characteristics.

Indicator	Remote area		Environtment		Population activity		Business activity		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	79	97.5	59	54.6	4	14.8	22	20.4	164	46.8
Do Not Know	1	1.2	23	21.3	0	0	2	1.8	26	6.1
Yes	1	1.2	26	24.1	23	85.2	84	77.8	134	47.1
Total	81	99.9	108	100	27	100	108	100	324	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (Kompas, 2023).

Table 6. Chemical Hazard.

Indicator	Smoke		Smell		Color Change		Medical Effects		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	19	70.4	21	77.8	57	70.37	17	63	114	70.4
Do Not Know	6	22.2	1	3.7	11	13.58	5	18.5	23	14.5
Yes	2	7.4	5	18.5	13	16.05	5	18.5	25	15.1
Total	27	100	27	100	81	100	27	100	162	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (BNN, 2018).

Table 7. Accessibility.

Indicator	Time & Space		Material		Distributor or Client		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	31	97.5	59	54.6	22	20.4	164	46.8
Do Not Know	20	1.2	23	21.3	2	1.8	26	6.1
Yes	45	1.2	26	24.1	84	77.8	134	47.1
Total	81	99.9	108	100	108	100	324	100

Source: Quantitative Research Results (BNN, 2020).

Table 8. Ecological perspective.

Dimension	Determinant Variabel	Indicator	Aspect	Item	Category/Indicator	Category/Variabel
ECOLOGY	Social Cohession	Social Organization	Religion Community	High (42)	Modest (193)	Modest (425)
			PDD Meeting	Modest (31)
			Social Organization	Modest (37)
			Youth Organizaton	Modest (26)
			Civilization Groups	Low (21)
			Political Groups	Low (18)
			Activity	Low (18)
		Social Norm	Regulations	Modest (37)	Modest (85)
			Social sanctions	Modest (29)
			Sanctions	Low (19)
		People Perception	Bad Reputation	Modest (28)	Modest (61)
			Bad Environtmental	Modest (33)
		Social Interaction	Low interaction	High (43)	High (86)
			Low concern for environtmental	Modest (64)
	Remote Area	Remote Area	Hidden	Modest (37)	Modest (111)	Modest (280)
			Hard to reach	Modest (36)
			Unknown	Modest (38)
		Disguse	Disguise Population	High (45)	High (45)
		Disguise with business activity	Disguise business	Modest (31)	Modest (124)
			Hectic location	Hign (49)
			Near Police Office	Modest (42)
	Accessibility	Time & Space	Near Distributor	Low (19)	Modest (57)	Modest (449)
			Accessibility	Modest (38)
		Material	Near supplier material	Low (21)	Modest (217)
			Free to get	Modest (29)
			Seller with production places	Modest (24)
			Supplier network	Modest (35)
			From Overseas	Modest (28)
			Via Phonecall	Modest (41)
			Delivery	Modest (39)
		Customer	Specific Place	Modest (41)	High (175)
			Via phone call	High (50)
			Delivery	Modest (40)
			With Courier	High (44)

Source: Data (BNN, 2011).

Table 9. Rationalization of perpetrators as non-ecological.

Indicator	Probability to caught by police		Sanctions		Network Capaibility		Protif		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	10	31.3	8	25	72	45	182	51.7	272	38.3
Do Not Know	5	15.6	9	28.1	58	36.25	88	25	160	26.2
Yes	17	53.1	15	46.9	30	18.75	82	23.3	144	35.5
Total	32	100	32	100	160	100	352	100	576	100

Source: Data (BNN, 2010).

Table 10. Social control.

Indicator	Police concentration for criminal area		Corruption		Using symbol institution		Community policing		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	56	43.75	49	25.52	11	34.4	30	46.9	146	37.6
Do Not Know	48	37.5	89	46.35	16	50	15	23.4	168	39.3
Yes	24	18.75	54	28.11	5	15.6	19	29.7	102	23
Total	128	100	192	100	32	100	64	100	416	100

Source: Data (BNN, 2018).

Table 11. The legal apparatus group.

Indicator	Police concentration for criminal area		Corruption		Using symbol institution		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	16	26.67	1	10	7	35	24	23.9
Do Not Know	5	8.33	1	10	0	0	6	6.1
Yes	39	65	8	80	13	65	60	70
Total	128	100	10	100	20	100	90	100

Source: Data (BNN, 2010).

Table 12. Lifestyle.

Indicator	Night entertainment		Shopping malls		Crowd places		Total	400
	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%	Freq	%
No	9	28.1	8	25	7	21.9	24	25
Do Not Know	18	56.3	11	34.4	13	40.6	42	43.75
Yes	5	15.6	13	40.6	12	37.5	30	31.25
Total	32	100	32	100	32	100	96	100

Source: Data (BNN, 2011).

Table 13. Rationalization of perpetrators as non-ecological dimensions.

Dimension	Determinant variabel	Indicator	Aspect	Item	Category/Indicator	Category/Variabel
NON-ECOLOGY	Ratonalization of the offender	Risk Probability	Risk Probability	High (44)	High (44)	Modest (531)
		Serious Judgement	Serious Judgement	Modest (38)	Modest (38)
		Network Probability	Production Type	Modest (33)	Modest (132)
			Special of marketing	Modest (22)
			Potential nework	Modest (33)
			Customer target	Modest (28)
			Barriers from population	Modest (26)
		Profit Probability	Finance	Modest (42)	Modest (317)
			Design	Modest (38)
			Material	Modest (31)
			Manual Machine	Modest (39)
			Semi Auto Machine	Modest (30)
			Full Auto Machine	Modest (30)
			Good Production	Modest (23)
			QC	Modest (29)
			Expert	Modest (29)
			Competitor	Modest (27)
	Social Control	Police Concentration	Barriers from Police	Modest (34)	Modest (104)	Low (350)
			Active Patrol	Modest (31)
			Active Control	Low (10)
			Control Certain areas	Low (19)
		Corruption	Not Strict Punishment	Modest (25)	Modest (157)
			Not Consistent about Sanctions	Modest (25)
			Don’t care about violation	Modest (38)
			Corruption	Modest (28)
			Join with criminals	Low (21)
			Join with lawbreakers	Low (20)
		Symbol Say No To Drugs	Symbol misuse	Low (21)	Low (21)
		Community Policing	Active Population	Modest (34)	Modest (68)
			People Control	Modest (34)
	Lifestyle		Often to night entertainmnet	Low (19)	Modest (84)	Modest (84)
			Often to Shopping Malls	Modest (34)
			Often to Crowd Places	Modest (31)

Source: Data (BNN, 2018).

Availability of data and materials

The data used in this study can be retrieved from the following websites: police.data.uk, crimesurvey.co.uk, ukdataservice.ac.uk, and ons.gov.uk, the R package to undertake the sensitivity analysis can be found here: https://github.com/RecountingCrime/rcme.