Social capital for sustainable tourism development in Indonesia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Framework for social capital, collective action, and sustainable tourism.

Source : (Bowles & Gintis, 2002; Macbeth et al., 2004; Park et al., 2012, 2015).

Table 1. Research variables

Variable	SubVariabel	Indicators	Source
Social Capital (SC)	Trust (T)	T1: trust in fellow community T2 : trust in people with different cultural background T3 : trust in village apparatus or village government T4 : trust in community leaders T5 : trust in tourism institutions	(Irawati et al., 2021; Nugraha et al., 2021; Riska Farisa et al., 2019)
	Norms (No)	No1: compliance with village government regulations No2 : adherence to customary norms No3: attendance in participating in traditional activities or events
	Social Network (SN)	SN1 : willingness to build cooperation to achieve mutual success SN2 : participation in community social activities SN3 : activeness in giving opinion SN4 : participation in group or community meetings
Sustainable Tourism (ST)		ST1 : resource preservation ST2 : economic planning ST3 : cultural awareness ST4 : community resources ST5 : environmental education ST6 : stakeholder inclusion	(Cárdenas et al., 2015; Khalid et al., 2019; Ven, 2015)

Figure 2. Nomogram Harry King.

Source : (Sugiyono, 2013).

Figure 3. Tanaka Waterfall Bangelan.

Source: Primary Survey Results (2023).

Figure 4. Characteristics of respondents in the Bangelan tourism Village.

Source: Survey Results, 2023.

Figure 5. SEM-PLS community social capital in sustainable tourism development.

Source: Results of analysis, 2023.

Table 2. Value loading factor social capital community and sustainable tourism

Variable	Sub Variable	Indicator	outer loading factors	Information
Social Capital	Trust (T)	T1	0,837	Valid
		T2	0,810	Valid
		T3	0,825	Valid
		T4	0,755	Valid
		T5	0,814	Valid
	Norm (NO)	NO1	0,850	Valid
		NO2	0,915	Valid
		NO3	0,840	Valid
	Social network (SN)	SN1	0,776	Valid
		SN2	0,834	Valid
		SN3	0,783	Valid
		SN4	0,814	Valid
Sustainable Tourism (ST)		ST1	0,870	Valid
		ST2	0,859	Valid
		ST3	0,873	Valid
		ST4	0,878	Valid
		ST5	0,825	Valid
		ST6	0,786	Valid

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Table 3. AVE value social capital community and sustainable tourism

Variable	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)	Information
Trust	0,654	Valid
Norm	0,755	Valid
Social Network	0,643	Valid
Social Capital	0,603	Valid
Sustainable Tourism	0,721	Valid

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Table 4. Cross loading value community social capital and sustainable tourism

Indicators	Norm	Social Network	Sustainable Tourism	Trust
NO1	0,850	0,709	0,553	0,680
NO2	0,915	0,788	0,634	0,788
NO3	0,840	0,694	0,610	0,658
SN1	0,642	0,776	0,466	0,625
SN2	0,732	0,834	0,646	0,727
SN3	0,681	0,783	0,603	0,688
SN4	0,641	0,814	0,498	0,690
ST1	0,687	0,701	0,870	0,765
ST2	0,564	0,539	0,859	0,525
ST3	0,561	0,559	0,873	0,570
ST4	0,539	0,526	0,878	0,560
ST5	0,572	0,552	0,825	0,630
ST6	0,561	0,616	0,786	0,586
T1	0,758	0,706	0,621	0,837
T2	0,552	0,625	0,504	0,810
T3	0,668	0,709	0,540	0,825
T4	0,606	0,664	0,541	0,755
T5	0,707	0,736	0,706	0,814

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Table 5. Reliability value community social capital and sustainable tourism

Variable	Cronbach’s Alpha	Composite Reliability	Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Norm	0,837	0,902	0,755
Social Capital	0,940	0,948	0,603
Social Network	0,815	0,878	0,643
Sustainable Tourism	0,922	0,939	0,721
Trust	0,868	0,904	0,654

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Table 6. R-square value community social capital and sustainable tourism

Variable	R Square
Social Capital	1,000
Sustainable Tourism	0,558

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Table 7. Significance value community social capital and sustainable tourism

Path Coefficient	Original Sample (O)	T Statistics	P Values
Norm -> Social Capital	0.293	30.914	0.000
Social Capital -> Sustainable Tourism	0.747	26.599	0.000
Social Network -> Social Capital	0.333	36.212	0.000
Trust -> Social Capital	0.432	37.907	0.000

Source: (Results of Analysis, 2023).

Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2002). Social capital and community governance. Economic Journal, 112(483), 419436. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00077

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Macbeth, J., Carson, D., & Northcote, J. (2004). Social capital, tourism and regional development: SPCC as a basis for innovation and sustainability. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(6), 502–522. https://doi.org/10.1080/1368350050408668200

 Google Scholar

Park, D. B., Lee, K. W., Choi, H. S., & Yoon, Y. (2012). Factors influencing social capital in rural tourism communities in South Korea. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1511–1520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.02.005

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Park, D. B., Nunkoo, R., & Yoon, Y. S. (2015). Rural residents’ attitudes to tourism and the moderating effects of social capital. Tourism Geographies, 17(1), 112–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2014.959993

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Irawati, H., Wicaksono, A. D., & Prayitno, G. (2021). MODAL SOSIAL DAN PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM KAITAN TINGKAT KEMAJUAN DESA. GEOGRAPHY: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 9(1), 1–12.

 Google Scholar

Nugraha, A. T., Prayitno, G., Hasyim, A. W., & Roziqin, F. (2021). Social capital, collective action, and the development of agritourism for sustainable agriculture in rural Indonesia. Evergreen, 8(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.5109/4372255

 Google Scholar

Riska Farisa, B. M., Prayitno, G., & Dinanti, D. (2019). Social capital and community participation on infrastructure development in Pajaran Village, Malang Regency Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 239(1), 012046. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/239/1/012046

 Google Scholar

Cárdenas, D., Byrd, E., & Duffy, L. (2015). An exploratory study of community awareness of impacts and agreement to sustainable tourism development principles. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 15(4), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358415580359

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Khalid, S., Ahmad, M. S., Ramayah, T., Hwang, J., & Kim, I. (2019). Community empowerment and sustainable tourism development: The mediating role of community support for tourism. Sustainability, 11(22), 6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226248

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ven, S. (2015). Host residents’ attitude toward community-based ecotourism: Empirical study in southwestern Cambodia. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 4, 1–11. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55763254

 Google Scholar

Sugiyono. (2013). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif, dan R&DSugiyono. 2013. “Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif, dan R&D.” Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. In Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Pendekatan Kuantitaif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13398-014-0173-7.2

 Google Scholar