Improving ecological justice orientation through a typological approach to illegal mining in the criminal justice system

Figures & data

Figure 1. New model for enforcement of illegal mining.

Table 1. Four types of offenders.

	One committed offence	A Multitude of offences
No prior criminal record	A firs-time single-crime offender	A firs-time multi-offender
Prior criminal record	A single-crime repeat offender	A repeat multi-offender

Source: Audenaert (2021).

Table 2. Typology of environmental crimes.

Nature	Elements	Type of Crime
Specific	Consequences	Water pollution, land pollution, and air pollution
General	Environmental crimes based on the methods of	Dumping, Mining, and Oil spills

Source: Clifford (1998).

Figure 2. The existence of illegal mining enforcement.

Figure 3. Percentage of illegal mining based on Mining Area.

Source: Annual report of Directorate General of Mineral and Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Dirjend Minerba (2021).

Audenaert, N. (2021). Prosecuting and punishing offenders for several offences in Belgium. In N. Audenaert & W. D. Bondt (Eds.), Prosecuting and punishing multi-offenders in the EU (pp. 21–53). Gompel & Svacina.

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Clifford, M. (1998). Environmental crime: Enforcement, policy, and social responsibility. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

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Dirjend Minerba, E. (2021). Laporan Kinerja Ditjend Minerba. Kementerian Energi Sumber Daya Mineral.

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