Exploring gender discourses in entrepreneurship: a bibliometric analysis

Figures & data

Figure 1. PRISMA flowchart presenting the process of Literature Search (Moher et al., 2009).

Table 1. Geographical locations of studies on entrepreneurship and gender.

S. No	Country/Location	Total Documents	Total Citations
1	United States	698	45,453
2	United Kingdom	410	18,888
3	Spain	195	4454
4	Canada	188	7071
5	Australia	169	5485
6	Germany	154	4315
7	Sweden	147	6290
8	Netherlands	110	4777
9	Carolina	98	5776
10	India	77	2217

Table 2. Co-occurrence analysis.

S. No	Keyword	Occurrences	Total Link Strength
1	Gender	1594	6673
2	Entrepreneurship	749	2642
3	Women	495	2455
4	Performance	365	2288
5	Impact	247	1651
6	Business	246	1559
7	Women Entrepreneurs	230	1144
8	Growth	222	1466
9	Self-Employment	214	1120
10	Self-Efficacy	197	1255
11	Entrepreneurs	189	830
12	Work	184	1078
13	Education	164	965
14	Gender-Differences	156	924
15	Perceptions	155	1039
16	Innovation	151	823
17	Management	151	923
18	Men	144	940
19	Female	143	902
20	Female Entrepreneurship	139	531
21	Family	129	758
22	Determinants	125	858
23	Attitudes	107	693
24	Behaviour	104	643
25	Intentions	101	664

Figure 2. Network analysis.

Table A1. Keywords and themes.

Keywords	Theme	Cluster Number	Cluster Colour
absence, academia, access, actor, adoption, agency, argument, article, assumption, balance, body, boundary, business growth, business ownership, call, care, case study, category, challenge, child, class, community, complexity, concept, conceptualisation, concern, connection, constraint, construction, content, critique, date, debate, decade, depth, depth interview, discipline, discourse, discourse analysis, dynamic, economic growth, emergence, empowerment, engagement, entrepreneurial context, entrepreneurial identity, entrepreneurship research, equality, ethnicity, exploratory study, extant literature, face, feminist, feminist theory, field, flexibility, form, freedom, further research, gender equality, gender inequality, gender issue, gender role, gendering, health, home, idea, ideal, identity, identity work, inclusion, inequality, informal economy, institutional theory, interplay, interpretation, intersection, intersectionality, interview, leader, leadership, legitimacy, lens, life, literature review, management, marketing, masculinity, meaning, medium, minority, mother, motherhood, narrative, neoliberalism, new insight, norm, notion, nuanced understanding, origin, overview, partner, phenomenon, place, position, possibility, post-feminism, poverty, power, practice, production, progress, pursuit, qualitative approach, qualitative data, qualitative study, race, reality, recent year, recognition, relation, religion, representation, research agenda, research question, resilience, responsibility, review, scholar, scholarship, scope, sense, social change, social enterprise, social entrepreneur, social entrepreneurship, social medium, society, space, special issue, state, story, suggestion, tension, theme, third, topic, transformation, transition, turn, variety, voice, women, women business owner, women entrepreneur, women entrepreneurship, word, worker, workplace.	Gender and Entrepreneurship: Exploring Inequalities, Identities, and Social Change	1	Red
Antecedent, attitude, availability, behavioural control, business student, business venture, career choice, cluster, competence, competency, confidence, construct, control, course, creativity, cultural context, cultural value, current study, crisis, covid, desirability, desire, determinant, developed country, direct effect, driver, education, educator, effectiveness, emancipation, empirical analysis, empirical result, entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurial career, entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurial education, entrepreneurial intent, entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurial motivation, entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurship education, environmental factor, Europe, exposure, failure, family background, family support, fear, female student, first study, formation, friend, future study, gem, gender difference, gender effect, global entrepreneurship monitor, globe, higher education, hypothesis, independence, indirect effect, individual factor, innovativeness, intention, main finding, mediating role, moderating effect, moderating role, moderator, motive, negative impact, new venture creation, openness, opportunity recognition, originality, own business, pandemic, pakistan, personal attitude, personality trait, positive impact, positive influence, potential entrepreneur, predictor, previous study, primary data, program, programme, propensity, questionnaire, regression analysis, risk taking, role model, sample, saudi arabia, self-efficacy, significant difference, significant effect, significant role, social norm, social support, spain, structural equation modelling, student, subject, subjective norm, successful entrepreneur, survey, test, total, united arab emirate, variable, variance.	Gendered Pathways to Entrepreneurial Success: Empowering Potential, Overcoming Barriers	2	Green
amount, average, bank, behaviour, bias, board, business owner, business performance, capital, CEO, company, composition, consumer, contextual factor, counterpart, credit, customer, database, decision making, difficulty, disadvantage, discrimination, distinction, diversity, economic activity, effect, entrepreneurial success, enty, experiment, family business, family firm, family member, female, female business owner, finance, financial capital, financial resource, financial support, financing, firm, firm performance, founder, funding, gender bias, gender composition, gender diversity, gender gap, Ghana, heterogeneity, higher level, household, human capital, immigrant, important factor, implication, income, individual characteristics, intensity, investment, investor, likelihood, link, linkage, loan, location, lower level, male, male counterpart, male entrepreneur, marital status, medium sized enterprise, member, money, nascent entrepreneur, negative effect, new business, norway, occupation, owner, ownership, pandemic, parent, performance, positive effect, positive relationship, prediction, presence, prevalence, prior research, probability, product, profit, proportion, provision, rate, representative sample, return, sale, self-employment, service, sex, small business, small firm, solution, start-up, survey data, survival, team, top management, united state	Gender and Business Performance: Uncovering Disparities and Promoting Diversity	3	Blue
academic, academic entrepreneurship, cause, engineering, science, scientist, university, university students.	Academic Entrepreneurship: Bridging the Gap Between Science and Business	4	Light Green

Table A2. Details of influential academic outlets.

S. No	Academic Outlets	No. of Research Articles	Total Citations
1	International Journal of Gender And Entrepreneurship	176	14897
2	Small Business Economics	120	12894
3	International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour And Research	113	10,177
4	Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice	76	11046
5	International Entrepreneurship And Management Journal	74	8128
6	Gender In Management	67	5541
7	Journal of Business Venturing	62	10752
8	Entrepreneurship And Regional Development	60	6127
9	Journal of Small Business Management	60	5531
10	International Small Business Journal-Researching Entrepreneurship	48	4233
11	Gender, Work and Organisation	46	4493
12	Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development	43	3628
13	Journal of Business Research	42	3734
14	Journal of Business Ethics	33	3358
15	Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship	32	2864
16	Journal of Enterprising Communities-People and Places in the Global Economy	26	2338
17	Journal of Entrepreneurship In Emerging Economies	25	2676
18	Human Relations	20	1815
19	Research Policy	18	1689
20	Journal of Applied Psychology	17	2106
21	Journal of Enterprising Culture	16	1265
22	Journal of Technology Transfer	14	1101
23	Academy of Management Journal	13	1475
24	Equality, Diversity and Inclusion	13	1102
25	International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation	12	919

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. BMJ, 339(7), b2535. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2535

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