Factors that determine the entrepreneurial intention of university students: a gender perspective in the context of an emerging economy

Figures & data

Figure 1. TPB and SEE integrated model of entrepreneurial intention.

Source (Valencia-Arias et al., 2022).

Diagram depicting the integrated model of entrepreneurial intention, combining TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) and SEE (Business Event Model).

Table 1. Factors and indicators of the entrepreneurial intention model.

Factor	Indicator	Description
Behavioral Beliefs	BB1	By creating a company, you can improve the balance between work and private life
	BB2	Entrepreneurship is a profession full of challenges
	BB3	As an entrepreneur you have a better lifestyle
Normative Beliefs	NB1	My closest relatives think that I should pursue a career as an entrepreneur
	NB2	My closest friends think that I should pursue a career as an entrepreneur.
	NB3	People who are important to me think that I should pursue a career as an entrepreneur
Control Beliefs	CB1	An entrepreneur needs to have applied knowledge (to know how)
	CB2	Creating a company requires good business opportunities in the market
	CB3	Starting a business requires a large number of financial means
Personal attitude	PA1	Being an entrepreneur has more advantages than disadvantages for me
	PA2	Being an entrepreneur would give me great satisfaction
	PA3	It is attractive for me to become an entrepreneur
Subjective norm	SN1	To what extent do you care what your closest relatives think about your decision or not to pursue a career as an entrepreneur?
	SN2	To what extent do you care what your closest friends think about your decision or not to pursue a career as an entrepreneur?
	SN3	To what extent do you care what the people who are important to you think about your decision or not to pursue a career as an entrepreneur?
Control of Perceived Behavior	CPB1	It totally depends on me if I become an entrepreneur or not
	CPB2	If you tried to start a new company, you would have a high probability of being successful.
	CPB3	I am ready and able to create a new company
Social Support	SS1	My immediate family values entrepreneurial activity above other activities and careers.
	SS2	My friends value entrepreneurship above other activities and careers
Control of Current Behavior	CCB1	If I had the opportunity and the resources, I would like to create my own company.
	CCB2	Starting a company is very risky
	CCB3	I have the necessary economic resources to start the creation of a new company
	CCB4	I see the option of starting a company as a potential opportunity that I could fight for
Entrepreneurial Behavior	EB1	I can see market opportunities for new products and/or services
	EB2	I am able to generate strategies to look for market opportunities in the environment
	EB3	I can develop and maintain favorable relationships with potential investors
Entrepreneurial Intention	EI1	I will do my best to create and run my own business
	EI2	I am determined to create a company in the future
	EI3	My career goal is to be an entrepreneur

Table 2. Convergent validity and reliability of the women’s model.

Factor	Item	Factor load	VIF	AC	CR	AVE
Behavioral Beliefs	BB1	0.736	1.290	0.674	0.821	0.604
	BB2	0.785	1.323
	BB3	0.809	1.319
Normative Beliefs	NB1	0.877	2.153	0.870	0.919	0.792
	NB2	0.915	2.416
	NB3	0.877	2.343
Control Beliefs	CB1	0.646	1.216	0.686	0.822	0.611
	CB2	0.890	1.503
	CB3	0.789	1.439
Personal attitude	PA1	0.829	1.685	0.823	0.895	0.739
	PA2	0.874	2.028
	PA3	0.875	1.955
Subjective norm	SN1	0.762	1.430	0.682	0.824	0.610
	SN2	0.831	1.468
	SN3	0.748	1.211
Control of Perceived Behavior	CPB2	0.904	1.651	0.771	0.897	0.814
	CPB3	0.900	1.651
Social Support	SS1	0.908	1.900	0.815	0.915	0.844
	SS2	0.929	1.900
Control of Current Behavior	CCB1	0.898	1.759	0.793	0.906	0.828
	CCB4	0.922	1.759
Entrepreneurial Behavior	EB1	0.788	1.537	0.833	0.887	0.723
	EB2	0.899	2.110
	EB3	0.861	1.930
Entrepreneurial Intention	EI1	0.855	1.966	0.900	0.900	0.750
	EI2	0.909	2.351
	EI3	0.832	1.757

Source: Own elaboration based on SmartPLS 4. Note: CL > 0.6; VIF < 5; AC > 0.7; CR > 0.7; AVE > 0.5.

Table 3. Convergent validity and reliability of the male model.

Factor	Item	Factor load	VIF	AC	CR	AVE
Behavioral Beliefs	BB1	0.843	1.320	0.660	0.854	0.745
	BB3	0.883	1.320
Normative Beliefs	NB1	0.894	2.313	0.886	0.929	0.814
	NB2	0.902	2.591
	NB3	0.911	2.836
Control Beliefs	CB2	0.906	1.332	0.666	0.854	0.746
	CB3	0.819	1.332
Personal attitude	PA1	0.820	1.590	0.813	0.889	0.728
	PA2	0.858	1.927
	PA3	0.881	2.024
Subjective norm	SN1	0.843	1.737	0.794	0.879	0.707
	SN2	0.864	1.687
	SN3	0.815	1.630
Control of Perceived Behavior	CPB2	0.917	1.838	0.806	0.912	0.838
	CPB3	0.914	1.838
Social Support	SS1	0.922	1.980	0.826	0.920	0.852
	SS2	0.924	1.980
Control of Current Behavior	CCB1	0.906	1.912	0.817	0.916	0.845
	CCB4	0.932	1.912
Entrepreneurial Behavior	EB1	0.831	1.537	0.818	0.892	0.734
	EB2	0.882	2.110
	EB3	0.856	1.930
Entrepreneurial Intention	EI1	0.889	2.307	0.877	0.924	0.803
	EI2	0.910	2.634
	EI3	0.889	2.312

Source: Own elaboration based on SmartPLS 4. Note: CL > 0.6; VIF < 5; AC > 0.7; CR > 0.7; AVE > 0.5.

Table 4. Fornell-Larcker criterion of the female model.

	Personal attitude	Entrepreneurial behavior	Control of current behavior	Control of perceived behavior	Normative beliefs	Behavioral beliefs	Control beliefs	Entrepreneurial intention	Subjective norm	Social support
PA	0.860
EB	0.770	0.850
CCB	0.834	0.750	0.910
CPB	0.714	0.790	0.685	0.902
NB	0.653	0.688	0.606	0.693	0.890
BB	0.747	0.715	0.720	0.605	0.558	0.777
CB	0.622	0.606	0.626	0.537	0.521	0.665	0.781
EI	0.812	0.778	0.817	0.740	0.684	0.687	0.566	0.866
SN	0.228	0.277	0.214	0.274	0.279	0.264	0.276	0.262	0.781
SS	0.588	0.619	0.528	0.657	0.783	0.510	0.489	0.586	0.253	0.918

Source: Own elaboration. Values in bold represent the highest values that demonstrate discriminant validity.

Table 5. Fornell-Larcker criterion of the male model.

	Personal attitude	Entrepreneurial behavior	Control of current behavior	Control of perceived behavior	Normative beliefs	Behavioral beliefs	Control beliefs	Entrepreneurial intention	Subjective norm	Social support
PA	0.853
EB	0.716	0.857
CCB	0.826	0.748	0.919
CPB	0.692	0.775	0.681	0.915
NB	0.701	0.665	0.651	0.598	0.863
BB	0.486	0.540	0.455	0.443	0.450	0.864
CB	0.658	0.665	0.606	0.720	0.598	0.425	0.902
EI	0.826	0.761	0.838	0.749	0.658	0.439	0.725	0.896
SN	0.275	0.368	0.244	0.326	0.309	0.267	0.379	0.261	0.841
SS	0.646	0.641	0.582	0.707	0.589	0.439	0.839	0.685	0.389	0.923

Source: Own elaboration. Values in bold represent the highest values that demonstrate discriminant validity.

Table 6. Hypothesis contrast.

Hypothesis	β value - men	β value -women	T value - men	T value -women	p-value - Men	p-value -women
Behavioral Beliefs → Personal Attitude	0.701	0.747	23.386	31.795	0.000	0.000
Normative Beliefs → Subjective Norm	0.382	0.279	8.370	6.635	0.000	0.000
Control Beliefs → Control of Perceived Behavior	0.169	0.179	4.283	4.214	0.000	0.000
Personal Attitude → Entrepreneurial Intention	0.259	0.251	5.416	5.072	0.000	0.000
Subjective Norm → Entrepreneurial Intention	−0.045	0.031	1.859	1.494	0.063	0.135
Control of Perceived Behavior → Entrepreneurial Intention	0.143	0.156	2.595	3.786	0.009	0.000
Social Support → Entrepreneurial Intention	0.148	0.042	3.683	1.398	0.000	0.162
Control of Current Behavior →Entrepreneurial Intention	0.370	0.347	8.409	7.784	0.000	0.000
Entrepreneurial Behavior → Entrepreneurial Intention	0.109	0.167	2.047	3.624	0.041	0.000
Control of Current Behavior → Control of Perceived Behavior	0.605	0.573	15.265	14.457	0.000	0.000

Source: Own elaboration based on SmartPLS 4. Note: Path > 0.005; T statistics > 1.96; p value < 0.05.

Figure 2. TPB and SEE integrated model of entrepreneurial intention for women.

Source (Valencia-Arias et al., 2022).

Diagram depicting the integrated model of entrepreneurial intention for women, combining TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) and SEE (Business Event Model). Source: SmartPLS 4.

Figure 3. TPB and SEE integrated model of entrepreneurial intention for men.

Source (Valencia-Arias et al., 2022).

Diagram depicting the integrated model of entrepreneurial intention for men, combining TPB (Theory of Planned Behavior) and SEE (Business Event Model). Source: SmartPLS 4.

Valencia-Arias, A., Gómez-Molina, S., Rodríguez-Correa, P., & Benjumea-Arias, M. (2022). Entrepreneurial intention of virtual university students. Formación Universitaria, 15(3), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50062022000300011

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Data availability statement

The data that supper the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request