Farm entrepreneurship among emerging farmers under the land restitution program in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Figures & data

Figure 1. Map of Limpopo Province.

Source: Cai et al. (2017).

Table 1. Variables included in the OLS model.

Variable code	Description for the variable	Unit of measurement	Mean	Std Dev
Demographic characteristics
AGE	Age of the farmer	Years	47.47	14.862
GEN	1 if the farmer is male, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.575	0.496
FAMEXP	Farmer ‘s experience in farming	Years	5.69	3.689
EDULEV	1 if the farmer has a tertiary qualification, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.555	0.498
LOCATI	1 if the farmer is based in the Capricorn district, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.49	0.501
INCSOU	1 if the farmer’s source of income is social grant, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.52	0.501
Farm characteristics
LNDSIZ	Land size owned by a farmer	Hectares	2.05	1.755
TRANSP	1 if farmer has transport, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.395	0.490
ENTPRI	1 if farmer produces livestock enterprise, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.49	0.501
INNTEC	1 if farmer uses innovation technology, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.945	0.229
Institutional factors
EXTSER	1 if farmer has access to extension services, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.48	0.501
CRED	1 if farmer has access to credit, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.335	0.473
MRKINF	1 if farmer has access to market information access, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.205	0.405
ASSOCI	1 if farmer is a member of farmer association, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.25	0.434
Private variables
NFABIZ	1 if farmer owns non-farm business, 0 otherwise	Dummy	0.155	0.363

Table 2. Frequencies of entrepreneurship competencies.

Entrepreneurship competencies	Strongly disagree (%)	Disagree (%)	Neutral (%)	Agree (%)	Strongly agree (%)
Marketplace focus	32	21	1	28.50	17.50
Profit orientation	34.50	13	5	19.50	28
Business passion	19.50	18	5	25	32.50
Risk takers	41.50	18	2	20.50	18
Opportunity recognition	31	31	5.50	23.50	9
Use of advanced technology	27.50	11.50	8.50	29	23.50
Market gap recognition	48	23	2.50	15.50	11
Vision to grow business	37	22	6.50	20.50	14
Long-term venture	31.50	9.50	3.50	19.50	36
Flexible and willing to adapt	22.50	18	13	22	24.50
Motivated and ambitious	21	15.50	6.50	28	29
Long and irregular hours	27.50	21.50	0.50	18.50	32
Problem solver	29	21	3	18	29
Cooperation	26.50	16.50	3	20	34
Communication and persuasive	14.50	10.50	13	33.50	28.50
Competitive	41.50	8.50	3.50	33	13.50
Willingness to learn new things	18	12	4	21.50	44.50

Table 3. Frequencies of entrepreneurship competencies.

Entrepreneurship Skills	Very low (%)	Low (%)	Medium (%)	High (%)	Very high
Customer services	29.50	16	21	23	10.50
Goal setting	9.50	10.50	21.50	30	28.50
Environmental scanning	35	17.50	13.50	26	8
Networking	15	13	20.50	30.50	21
Negotiation	13	7	19.50	33.50	27
Emotional coping	9	11	14.50	30	35.50
Accountability	9.50	8.50	15	34	34
Financial	29.50	30	20.50	13.50	6.50

Table 4. Entrepreneurship index generated by PCA.

Competencies	Principal components
	PC1	PC2	PC3
Market orientation	0.848	−0.149	−0.334
Profit earnings	0.821	−0.091	−0.193
Business passion	0.820	−0.214	0.126
Risk takers	0.812	−0.229	0.166
Opportunity recognition	0.810	−0.193	−0.211
Use of advanced technology	0.804	−0.253	−0.096
Market gap recognition	0.790	−0.282	−0.056
Vision to grow business	0.772	−0.279	0.242
Long-term venture	0.764	−0.367	−0.088
Flexible and willing to adapt	0.763	−0.085	−0.229
Motivated and ambitious	0.754	−0.189	0.250
Long and irregular hours	0.753	0.021	−0.089
Problem solver	0.744	−0.214	−0.396
Cooperation	0.739	−0.227	−0.407
Communication and persuasive	0.733	−0.279	0.362
Competitive	0.726	−0.172	0.207
Willingness to learn new things	0.692	0.372	0.290
Financial	0.668	0.375	0.348
Customer services	0.620	0.608	−0.183
Goal setting	0.600	0.581	0.075
Environmental scanning	0.506	0.469	0.118
Networking	0.548	0.703	−0.166
Negotiation	0.620	0.654	−0.041
Coping with emotions	0.520	0.627	−0.061
Accountability	0.568	−0.174	0.588
Eigen value	12.916	3.323	1.571
Variance percentage	51.664	13.291	6.285
Variance in total	51.664	64.956	71.240

Table 5. Factors influencing farm entrepreneurship: OLS model.

	OLS results
Variables Code	Coef	Std error
AGE	−0.0039	0.0062***
GEN	0.0588	0.1433
FAMEXP	−0.0125	0.0253
EDULEV	0.0101	0.1431
LOCATI	0.7065	0.2328***
INCSOU	0 −.0063	0.1520
LNDSIZ	0.0466	0.0353
TRANSP	−0.2853	0.2328
ENTPRI	0.2687	0.1553*
INNTEC	0.6645	0.3311**
EXTSER	0.5009	0.1773***
CRED	0.1682	0.1498
MRKINF	0.5045	0 .2258**
ASSOCI	0.3389	0.1898*
NFABIZ	−0.1624	0.0192
CONSTANT	−0.7502	0.4277*
R^2	0.1571
Adj R^2	0.0933
N	200
For the selection bias test, IMR= −0.0631, p = 0.52,
for the Hausman test, F = 1.10, p = 0.21
For tests of multicollinearity, Mean VIF = 1.64; maximum VIF = 2.99; minimum VIF = 1.07

Note: The symbols *, **, and *** denote statistical significance at 10%, 5%, and 1% level, respectively.

Cai, X., Magidi, J., Nhamo, L., & van Koppen, B. (2017). Mapping irrigated areas in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. International Water Management Institute (IWMI). Working Paper. 172, 37.

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Data availability statement

The corresponding author can provide the data presented in this study upon request.