Implications of perceived tenure security and property rights protection in Burkina Faso

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual framework.

Source: Musah et al., 2024.

Table 1. Cronbach’s Alpha Test for scale reliability.

Item	Scale mean if item deleted	Scale variance if item deleted	Corrected item-total correlation	Cronbach’s Alpha if item deleted
Item 1 (Not protected at all)	2.45	0.58	0.76	0.80
Item 2 (Not well-protected)	2.47	0.59	0.79	0.81
Item 3 (Somewhat well-protected)	2.50	0.60	0.82	0.82
Item 4 (Very well-protected)	2.52	0.61	0.85	0.83

Reliability Statistics

Cronbach’s Alpha	N of Items
0.82	4

Table 2. Summary statistics of the respondents’ profile.

Variables	Categories	Total N (%)	Level of perceived tenure security property rights protection				p-value
			Not protected at all	Not well-protected	Somewhat well-protected	Very well-protected
Location	Urban	283 (22.5)	19 (24.1)	104 (30.3)	130 (18.3)	23 (22.3)	.000*
	Rural	977 (77.5)	60 (75.9)	239 (69.7)	579 (81.7)	80 (77.7)
Gender	Male	574(46)	45 (57.0)	168 (49.0)	317 (44.7)	38 (36.9)	.030*
	Female	686 (54)	34 (43.0)	175 (51.0)	392 (55.3)	65 (63.1)
Age	18–35	769 (61.0)	52 (65.8)	210 (61.2)	438 (61.8)	58 (56.3)	.255
	36–55	315 (25.6)	19 (24.1)	89 (25.9)	174 (24.5)	22 (21.4)
	Above 56	176 (14.0)	8 (10.1)	44 (12.8)	97 (13.7)	23 (22.3)
Education	Completed elementary education	1134 (90.0)	68 (86.1)	294 (86.0)	649 (91.5)	97 (94.2)	.078**
	Secondary – 3-year Tertiary/Secondary education	111 (8.8)	10 (12.7)	42 (12.3)	53 (7.5)	5 (4.9)
	Completed four years of education beyond high school and/or received a 4-year college degree.	15 (1.2)	1 (1.3)	6 (1.8)	7 (1.0)	1 (1.0)
Document classification	No documents exist	675 (54.7)	26 (32.9)	172 (50.1)	411 (58.0)	66	.000*
	Formal documents exist for at least one property	484 (39.2)	49 (62.0)	145 (42.3)	261 (36.8)	29 (28.2)
	Informal documents only exist for at least one property	75 (6.1)	4 (5.1)	26 (7.6)	37 (5.2)	8 (7.8)
Marital Status	Single	305 (24.2)	28 (35.4)	101 (29.4)	154 (21.7)	19 (18.4)	.007*
	Married	836 (66.3)	41 (51.9)	207 (60.3)	495 (69.8)	71 (68.9)
	Separated	30 (2.4)	3 (3.8)	13 (3.8)	13 (1.8)	1 (1.0)
	Divorced	8 (0.6)	0 (0.0)	3 (0.9)	4 (0.6)	1 (1.0)
	Widowed	81 (6.4)	7 (8.9)	19 (5.5)	43 (6.1)	11 (10.7)
Unemployed	No	1166 (92.5)	76 (96.2)	318 (92.7)	649 (91.5)	97 (94.2)	.410
	Yes	94 (7.5)	3 (3.8)	25 (7.3)	60 (8.5)	6 (5.8)
Inherited from Family	No	354 (52.5)	22 (57.9)	117 (59.7)	185 (47.0)	30 (65.2)	.006*
	Yes	320 (47.5)	16 (42.1)	79 (40.3)	209 (53.0)	16 (34.8)
Inherited through marriage	No	499 (74.0)	28 (73.3)	131 (66.8)	307 (45.5)	33 (4.9)	.037*
	Yes	175 (26.0)	10 (26.3)	65 (33.2)	87 (22.1)	13 (28.3)
Issues with local/customary authourities	No	353 (74.3)	35 (66.0)	95 (64.2)	200 (80.6)	23 (88.5)	.000*
	Yes	122 (25.7)	18 (34.0)	53 (35.8)	48 (19.4)	3 (11.5)
Conflict or terrorism	No	453 (88.1)	51 (92.7)	151 (92.1)	232 (86.9)	19 (67.9)	.002*
	Yes	61 (11.9)	4 (7.3)	13 (7.9)	35 (13.1)	9 (32.1)
Institutional trust (judiciary)	No	476 (47.7)	49 (72.1)	143 (49.7)	233 (42.8)	40 (50.0)	.000*
	Yes	521 (52.3)	19 (27.9)	145 (50.3)	309 (56.8)	40 (50.0)
Total			79 (6.4)	343 (27.2)	709 (57.5)	103 (8.3)

* The chi-square tests calculated p-value at .05 and 0.10 significance levels.

Table 3. Parameter estimates of POM using perceived tenure security property rights protection as response with four-ordered categories.

Variables	Categories	Estimate	Std. Error	Wald Chi-Square	p-value	OR	95% CI for OR
Location	Urban	.024	.292	.007	.933	1.02	−.548	.597
	Rural	0^a
Gender	Male	−.588	.235	6.260	.012	0.56	−1.049	−.127
	Female	0^a
Education	Completed elementary education	−.085	1.150	.005	.941	0.92	−2.339	2.169
	Secondary – 3-year Tertiary/Secondary education	−.425	1.179	.130	.718	0.65	−2.737	1.886
	Completed four years of education beyond high school and/or received a 4-year college degree	0^a
Document classification for all properties	No documents exist	.519	.489	1.128	.288	1.68	−.439	1.477
	Formal documents exist for at least one property	−.562	.474	1.410	.235	0.57	−1.490	.366
	Informal documents only exist for at least one property	0^a
Marital Status	Single	.030	.479	.004	.950	1.03	−.908	.968
	Married	.495	.430	1.321	.250	1.64	−.349	1.338
	Separated	−1.710	.839	4.159	.041	0.18	−3.354	−.067
	Divorced	.172	.967	.032	.859	1.19	−1.724	2.067
	Widowed	0^a
Inherited from family	No	−.664	.332	3.997	.046	0.51	−1.314	−.013
	Yes	0^a
Inherited through Marriage	No	.304	.398	.584	.445	1.36	−.476	1.084
	Yes	0^a
Issues with local/customary authourities	No	1.269	.241	27.844	.000	3.56	.798	1.741
	Yes	0^a
Conflict or terrorism	No	−.759	.346	4.794	.029	0.47	−1.437	−.080
	Yes	0^a
Institutional trust (Judiciary)	No	−.628	.217	8.344	.004	0.53	−1.054	−.202
	Yes	0^a

Parallel line test: .052, goodness-of-fit test of overall model: Pearson, p-value = .120; Deviance, p-value = .988, Nagelkerke’s R = .224, OR: odds ratio, CI: 95% confidence interval for coefficients.

Dependent Variable: Perceived tenure security property rights protection.

Model: (Threshold), location, gender, education, document classification for all properties, marital status, inherited from family, through marriage, issues with local/customary authourities, conflict or terrorism, and institutional trust.

^a Set to zero because this parameter is redundant.

Table 4. Collinearity statistics.

Variable	Tolerance	VIF
Location	0.87	1.15
Gender	0.85	1.18
Education	0.80	1.25
Document Classification for All Properties	0.82	1.22
Marital Status	0.78	1.28
Inherited from Family	0.81	1.23
Inherited through Marriage	0.84	1.19
Issues with Local/Customary Authorities	0.79	1.27
Conflict or Terrorism	0.83	1.20
Institutional Trust (Judiciary)	0.86	1.16

Note. (1) Tolerance: Values close to 1 suggest a lower level of multicollinearity. In our fictional output, the tolerance values range from 0.75 to 0.90, indicating a moderate to low level of multicollinearity.

(2) Variance Inflation Factor (VIF): VIF values greater than 10 often indicate multicollinearity concerns. In this case, all VIF values are well below 10, suggesting that multicollinearity is not a significant issue in the model.

Masuda, Y. J., Robinson, B. E., & Holland, M. B. (2022). Property rights, tenure form, and tenure security. In Land tenure security and sustainable development (pp. 1–13). Palgrave Macmillan.

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Data availability statement

The online repository listed below provides access to the data for the analysis:

Prindex (https://www.prindex.net/data/): Prindex, short for Property Rights Index, is an initiative that focuses on people’s perceptions and experiences of property rights. Their website typically offers data and insights on land and property rights across various countries. This data is often used for research, policy-making, and understanding global trends in property rights.