National pride and safety awareness at large events: analyzing BTS’ ‘Yet to Come’ concert in Busan

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Table 1. Measuring tools.

(): Number of questions
Variable		Measurement variable	Source
Cognitive safety awareness	Safety orientation	Safety information (2), Interest in safety (1), Willingness to pay for safety (1)	Crampton et al. (2020), Dalgiç and Birdir (2020), Omitola (2017), Sun (2016)
	Safety awareness education	Necessity for education (1), Education reinforcement (1)
Realistic safety awareness	General safety awareness	Safety system (1), Community safety level (1), Community trust (2)	Saadat et al. (2010), Sohn et al. (2016)
	Life safety awareness	Interest in life safety (1), Life safety knowledge (1)
Safety management services	Safety services	Human resources (2), Material resources (2)	Ivers et al. (2022), Mykletun (2011), Tangit et al. (2016)
	Emergency services	Human resources (2), Material resources (2)
Performance effectiveness	Intention to participate in similar performances	Revisit (2), Recommendation (1)	Lee et al. (2004), Lee et al. (2012), Wong et al. (2015)
	National pride	National reputation (1), national self-esteem (1), Importance to identity collective self-esteem (1), Membership/ collective self-esteem (1), Public collective self-esteem (1)	Baumeister et al. (1996), Branscombe and Wann (1994), Dimitriadou et al. (2019), Dresler-Hawke and Liu (2006), Druckman (1994), Golec de Zavala and Lantos (2020), Jetten et al. (1997), Jetten et al. (2002), Kaneva (2011), Kim and Kim (2019), Lopez (2009), Mavrić (2014), Nathanson (1994), Ozer et al. (2020), Szondi (2008), Yousaf and Li (2015)

Table 2. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis.

Factor name		Items	Factor loading	Commonality	Total	% of dispersion	Cronbach’s α
Cognitive safety awareness	Safety orientation	I am highly interested in safety information.	.829	.728	2.528	9.030	0.845
		I search for safety information by myself.	.804	.677
		I am highly interested in safety in general.	.741	.626
		I am willing to pay for a higher life safety level. (Deleted)	.677	.561
	Safety awareness education	It is necessary to provide safety education.	.898	.871	1.708	6.101	0.841
		It is necessary to strengthen safety education.	.892	.865
Realistic safety awareness	General safety awareness	South Korea has a well-established safety management system.	.798	.689	2.610	9.320	0.795
		South Korea has a high level of safety in general. (Deleted)	.780	.651
		I trust the government’s safety policy.	.778	.699
		I trust the safety system of Korean society. (Deleted)	.716	.548
	Life safety awareness	I generally check life-safety-related items (e.g., electricity, gas, and first aid).	.874	.815	1.703	6.081	0.791
		I am generally well informed about behavioral know-how in the case of safety accidents.	.860	.816
Safety management services	Safety services	The number of safety staff was appropriate for the performance venue.	.887	.841	3.544	12.657	0.913
		The safety facilities were in sufficient number at the performance venue.	.844	.801
		The safety facilities were well located at the performance venue.	.839	.818
		The safety staff was deployed properly at the performance venue.	.819	.749
	Emergency services	People had access to emergency treatment at the performance venue. (Deleted)	.804	.750	2.599	9.283	0.780
		Emergency staff were appropriately deployed during the performance. (Deleted)	.758	.620
		The emergency equipment was sufficient and appropriately distributed at the performance venue.	.725	.799
		The emergency equipment was appropriately located at the performance venue.	.708	.761
Performance effectiveness	Intention to participate in similar performances	If there are similar performances, I will recommend them to my acquaintances.	.883	.870	2.489	8.888	0.909
		If there are similar performances, I will attend them next time as well.	.871	.861
		I want similar performances to be continuously held.	.839	.825
	National pride	I assume the national image of South Korea has improved through this performance.	.877	.821	3.870	13.823	0.914
		I assume that other countries are envious of South Korea due to this performance. (Deleted)	.866	.807
		I became more aware of South Korea’s brand value through this performance.	.858	.808
		This performance made me feel proud as a South Korean citizen.	.824	.725
		I assume that South Korea has contributed to the international community through this performance.	.775	.648

Table 3. Results of validity factors and reliability of the measures.

Variable	Variable	Cronbach’s α	CR	AVE		Safety orientation	Safety education awareness	General awareness	Life safety awareness	Safety services	Emergency services	Intention to participate in similar performances
Cognitive safety awareness	Safety orientation	0.845	0.867	0.685	0.828
	Safety education awareness	0.841	0.934	0.876	0.936	0.367
Realistic safety awareness	General safety awareness	0.773	0.798	0.666	0.816	−0.114	−0.181
	Life safety awareness	0.791	0.809	0.680	0.825	0.340	0.012	0.178
Safety management services	Safety services	0.913	0.985	0.944	0.972	0.064	−0.166	0.316	0.171
	Emergency services	0.943	0.967	0.937	0.968	−0.061	−0.137	0.394	0.207	0.652
Performance effectiveness	Intention to participate in similar performances	0.909	0.875	0.700	0.837	−0.030	−0.125	0.345	0.173	0.319	0.242
	National pride	0.891	0.858	0.602	0.776	−0.052	−0.097	0.306	0.076	0.332	0.275	0.471

Figure 2. Structural model with the standardized path estimate.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 4. Standardized effects.

Dependent/Independent	Emergency services			Safety services			National Pride			Participation intention
	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total	Direct	Indirect	Total
Life safety awareness	0.167	–	0.167**	0.084	–	0.084	–	0.040	0.040	0.034	0.034	0.034
Safety awareness education	−0.050	–	−0.050	−0.158	–	−0.158	–	−0.047	−0.047	−0.047	−0.047	−0.047
General safety awareness	0.351	–	0.351	0.297	–	0.297	–	0.116	0.116	–	0.105	0.105
Safety orientation	−0.061	–	−0.061	0.124	–	0.124	–	0.026	0.026	–	0.031	0.031
Emergency services	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.108	–	0.108	0.019	0.044	0.063
Safety services	–	–	–	–	–	–	0.262	–	0.262	0.172	0.107	0.280

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Center for Disaster Safety Innovation, National Crisisonomy Institute, Chungbuk National University. However, restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for this study, and are thus not publicly available. Data are nevertheless available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission from the said Center.