Unveiling urban violence crime in the State of the Selangor, Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya: a spatial–temporal investigation of violence crime in Malaysia’s key cities

Figures & data

Table 1. Total violence and percentage in Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya in 2015–2020.

Year/type	Violent crime	Percentage	Number of drops	Percent decrease
2015	9,671	16.89	0	0
2016	9,988	17.44	317	0.55
2017	11,671	20.38	1,683	2.94
2018	9,168	16.01	−2,503	−4.37
2019	8,769	15.31	−399	−0.7
2020	8,008	13.98	−761	−1.33
Total/Percent	57,275	100	1,663	100

Source: Intelligence/Operations/Records, Criminal Investigation Department D4-Division JSJ, Bukit Aman).

Figure 1. Police stations boundary for Selangor and Kuala Lumpur Contingent Headquarters.

Source: Data Collection/Analysis Division, Crime Prevention and Community Safety Department (CPCSD), Royal Malaysian Police Headquarters (RMP), Bukit Aman.

Figure 2. Landuse 2018 for the Selangor, KLFT and PFT areas.

Source: MyGDI program [Malaysia Geospatial Data Infrastructure].

Figure 3. Methodology flowchart.

Source: Ahmad et al., 2024a.

Figure 4. Radar graph of the percentage of violence crime incidents in a 24-hour period.

Table 2. Time frame classification of violence crimes 2015–2020.

No	Midnight	Percentage (%)	Morning	Percentage (%)
1	1:00 AM	2.82	7:00 AM	1.83
2	2:00 AM	2.35	8:00 AM	4.30
3	3:00 AM	2.04	9:00 AM	4.42
4	4:00 AM	2.07	10:00 AM	5.04
5	5:00 AM	2.08	11:00 AM	5.42
6	6:00 AM	2.22	12:00 PM	5.27
No	Evening	Percentage (%)	Night	Percentage (%)
1	1:00 PM	5.03	7:00 PM	4.34
2	2:00 PM	5.50	8:00 PM	5.21
3	3:00 PM	5.94	9:00 PM	5.65
4	4:00 PM	5.38	10:00 PM	5.22
5	5:00 PM	4.83	11:00 PM	3.77
6	6:00 PM	4.70	12:00 AM	4.57

Table 3. The highest z-score hot spot for midnight, morning, evening and night from the year 2015 until 2020.

Midnight (12:00 a.m.–6:59 a.m.)
No	Contingent Police Headquarters (CPH)	District Police Headquarters (DPH)	Police Station (PS)	GiZScore	GiPValue	Gi_Bin	Significant Level
1.	Kuala Lumpur	Sentul	Jinjang	2.62568	0.008648	3	99%
2.	Kuala Lumpur	Sentul	Sentul	2.95447	0.003132	3	99%
3.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Setapak	3.690891	0.000223	3	99%
4.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Wangsa Maju	3.521448	0.000429	3	99%
5.	Selangor	Gombak	Gombak	2.687304	0.007203	3	99%
Morning (7:00 a.m.–11:59 a.m.)
No	Contingent Police Headquarters (CPH)	District Police Headquarters (DPH)	Police Station (PS)	GiZScore	GiPValue	Gi_Bin	Significant Level
1.	Setapak	Wangsa Maju	Setapak	2.879351	0.003985	3	99%
Evening (12:00 p.m.–6:59 p.m.)
No	Contingent Police Headquarters (CPH)	District Police Headquarters (DPH)	Police Station (PS)	GiZScore	GiPValue	Gi_Bin	Significant Level
1.	Selangor	Ampang Jaya	Taman Melawati	3.556201	0.000376	3	99%
2.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Setapak	2.967447	0.003003	3	99%
3.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Wangsa Maju	3.054181	0.002257	3	99%
4.	Selangor	Gombak	Gombak	3.073429	0.002116	3	99%
Night (7:00 p.m.–11:59 p.m.)
No	Contingent Police Headquarters (CPH)	District Police Headquarters (DPH)	Police Station (PS)	GiZScore	GiPValue	Gi_Bin	Significant Level
1.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Jalan Tun Razak	2.579986	0.00988	3	99%
2.	Kuala Lumpur	Sentul	Kepong	2.982805	0.002856	3	99%
3.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Setapak	2.997693	0.00272	3	99%
4.	Kuala Lumpur	Wangsa Maju	Wangsa Maju	3.28857	0.001007	3	99%
5.	Selangor	Gombak	Gombak	3.236844	0.001209	3	99%

Figure 5. Relationship between hot spot percentage and police boundary.

Table 4. Percentage of police station boundaries and hot spots for violence crimes 2015–2020 for four frame time categories.

No	Police station	Midnight (%)	Morning (%)	Evening (%)	Night (%)
1	Brickfields	1.31	0.00	2.12	0.00
2	Pantai	0.00	0.00	0.39	0.00
3	Sri Hartamas	1.31	1.06	0.00	0.19
4	Sri Petaling	0.00	0.00	1.86	0.00
5	Taman Tun Dr. Ismail	0.07	0.00	0.04	0.64
6	Travers	0.29	0.00	0.26	0.00
7	Cheras	4.93	0.85	2.73	2.57
8	Salak Selatan	1.60	0.00	0.00	0.00
9	Chow Kit	1.38	0.00	0.22	5.14
10	Jalan Dang Wangi	2.32	0.00	3.56	14.14
11	Tun H. S Lee	3.56	0.00	0.13	10.35
12	Jinjang	13.86	20.57	12.79	12.85
13	Kepong	10.81	11.88	10.15	3.08
14	Sentul	6.75	11.45	5.94	6.43
15	Jalan Tun Razak	2.25	1.48	1.47	2.51
16	Pudu	3.12	0.64	0.65	3.28
17	Setapak	5.22	8.91	7.16	7.13
18	Wangsa Maju	4.64	7.32	4.81	4.37
19	Ampang	9.72	11.66	8.89	8.80
20	Hulu Kelang	3.19	3.29	2.69	3.41
21	Pandan Indah	8.27	4.45	7.29	6.04
22	Taman Melawati	1.60	0.42	2.56	1.09
23	Desa Jaya	0.94	0.00	3.82	0.00
24	Gombak	2.47	5.30	4.42	2.96
25	Rawang	0.00	0.95	1.56	0.84
26	Selayang	8.06	8.38	10.80	4.11
27	Batu 9	1.31	0.32	1.17	0.00
28	Damansara	0.07	0.21	0.74	0.06
29	Kota Damansara	0.00	0.00	0.13	0.00
30	Sri Damansara	0.94	0.85	1.65	0.00
Total		100	100	100	100

Figure 6. Violence crime hot spot locations based on station boundaries according to four time frame categories (Midnight, 12 a.m.–6.59 a.m.).

Table 5. Percentage of land use type and hotspot for property crime 2015–2020 for four time frame categories.

No	Land use type	Midnight (%)	Morning (%)	Evening (%)	Night (%)
1	Agriculture	0.25	0.62	0.38	0.30
2	Forest	0.31	0.19	0.53	0.20
3	Industry	2.26	2.72	3.09	1.43
4	Infrastructure and utilities	4.42	2.67	3.60	3.85
5	Institutions and community facilities	8.43	7.11	6.55	6.91
6	Mixed development	0.00	0.05	0.03	0.07
7	Open areas and recreational facilities	4.51	5.78	7.59	6.01
8	Residence and housing	35.17	35.18	34.82	31.71
9	Trade and commercial	9.44	11.26	9.58	12.95
10	Transport and roads	30.60	29.26	29.60	32.01
11	Vacant land	3.73	3.10	2.83	3.02
12	Water bodies	0.88	2.05	1.41	1.56
Total		100	100	100	100

Figure 7. Violence crime hot spot locations based on station boundaries according to four time frame categories (Morning, 7 a.m.–11.59 a.m.).

Figure 8. Violence crime hot spot locations based on station boundaries according to four time frame categories (Evening, 12 p.m.–6.59 p.m.).

Figure 9. Violence crime hot spot locations based on station boundaries according to four time (Night, 7:00 p.m.–11:59 p.m.).

Ahmad, A., Masron, T., Jubit, N., Redzuan, M. S., Soda, R., Bismelah, L. H., & Mohd Ali, A. S. (2024a). Analysis of the movement distribution pattern of violence crime in Malaysia’s capital region-Selangor, Kuala Lumpur, and Putrajaya. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 20(2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v20i2.3061

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Data availability statement

Data available on request due to privacy/ethical restrictions.

The data is confidential of Government of Malaysia under Royal Malaysian Police (RMP).