Effects of plyometric training on heading jump performance and motion in collegiate soccer players

Figures & data

Table 1. The characteristics of the subjects.

		PT	C	t	p
		(n = 8)	(n = 9)
Age	M	19.9	19.7	0.32	0.75
	SD	1.5	1.3
Height (cm)	M	170.9	171.1	0.09	0.93
	SD	5.2	5.2
Body mass (kg)	M	67.3	64.9	0.72	0.48
	SD	7.5	6.1
Soccer experience(y)	M	11.2	12.2	0.86	0.40
	SD	1.8	2.7
Jump height (cm)	M	49.7	51.5	0.63	0.54
	SD	6.4	5.5

PT: Plyometric training group; C: Control group.

Jump height: jump height of heading jump in place.

Table 2. Plyometric training program.

	Week 1	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	Week 5	Week 6	Week 7
CMJ	10×２	10×２	10×２	10×２	10×２	10×２	10×２
Sprit jump	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2	right 5 × 2 left 5 × 2
Tuck jump	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2
Box jump	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2
One-leg vertical jump			right 5 × 1 left 5 × 1	right 5 × 1 left 5 × 1	right 10 × 1 left 10 × 1	right 10 × 1 left 10 × 1	right 10 × 1 left 10 × 1
Depth jump			5 × 2	5 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2	10 × 2
Contact number	80	80	100	100	120	120	120
Intensity	Low Medium	Low Medium	Low Medium High	Low Medium High	Low Medium High	Low Medium High	Low Medium High

Note. CMJ means counter movement jump.

Note. 〇×〇 means number × set.

Table 3. The results of two-way ANOVA in vertical jump.

		PT group		C group		Two-way ANOVA						Multiple comparison test
		(n = 8)		(n = 9)		group		Pre-Post		interaction
		Pre	Post	Pre	Post	F	P	F	P	F	P
Jump height(cm)	M	50.5	53.6	50.7	49.7	0.57	0.46	3.43	0.08	15.2	0.00*	PT: pre < post
	SD	4.7	4.0	5.9	5.5
Arm swing angular velocity (deg/s)	M	691.0	661.4	596.7	542.1	3.87	0.06	2.03	0.17	0.17	0.68
	SD	154.9	105.3	135.8	108.5
Ankle joint angle	M	72.7	74.6	76.6	74.6	0.50	0.49	0.02	0.90	1.28	0.27
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	7.0	7.5	7.0	4.9
Ankle joint angle	M	83.0	104.4	89.4	93.8	0.15	0.71	7.56	0.01*	3.73	0.07
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	14.1	10.1	13.9	15.6
Ankle joint angle	M	139.1	136.3	147.4	136.1	0.79	0.39	8.87	0.01*	2.30	0.15
(End phase) (deg)	SD	9.3	9.0	13.4	11.7
Knee joint angle	M	76.0	62.3	78.5	74.8	1.05	0.32	6.24	0.02*	2.99	0.10
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	17.6	9.6	18.5	15.6
Knee joint angle	M	98.1	125.9	103.8	109.5	0.54	0.47	6.76	0.02*	3.27	0.09
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	22.2	13.7	20.7	18.8
Knee joint angle	M	162.6	166.0	167.5	159.4	0.03	0.87	0.44	0.52	1.85	0.19
(End phase) (deg)	SD	16.5	7.4	8.7	19.2
Hip joint angle	M	61.9	48.1	63.3	65.7	3.61	0.08	2.88	0.11	7.03	0.02*	PT: pre > post
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	8.0	8.7	14.8	15.2
Hip joint angle	M	125.5	124.7	129.7	131.5	3.21	0.09	0.03	0.87	0.12	0.73
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	7.1	4.7	16.4	6.8
Hip joint angle	M	153.6	159.0	158.8	156.3	0.07	0.79	0.12	0.73	1.37	0.26
(End phase) (deg)	SD	14.4	7.2	7.4	16.7
Trunk angle (deg)	M	4.3	3.5	3.6	2.2	2.97	0.27	2.98	0.26	0.58	0.46
	SD	1.7	1.6	1.3	1.5
Ankle extension velocity (deg/s)	M	680.6	667.8	707.4	682.5	0.47	0.50	1.04	0.32	0.10	0.75
	SD	667.8	66.8	74.5	92.9
Knee extension velocity (deg/s)	M	709.4	775.7	700.7	740.9	0.51	0.49	7.90	0.01*	0.48	0.50
	SD	108.5	46.9	70.8	66.5
Hip extension velocity (deg/s)	M	543.5	601.8	579.5	581.9	0.08	0.78	3.00	0.10	2.83	0.11
	SD	85.9	63.7	69.5	61.1

M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation, *:p < 0.05.

Table 4. The results of two-way ANOVA in heading jump in-place.

		PT group		C group		Two-way ANOVA						Multiple comparison test
		(n = 8)		(n = 9)		group		Pre-Post		interaction
		Pre	Post	Pre	Post	F	P	F	P	F	P
Jump height (cm)	M	49.7	54.2	51.5	48.9	0.50	0.49	0.91	0.36	20.55	0.00*	PT: pre < post
	SD	6.1	4.5	5.3	4.7
Arm swing angular velocity (deg/s)	M	669.6	664.7	659.9	566.3	0.91	0.35	3.03	0.10	2.21	0.16
	SD	196.1	92.7	123.3	96.3
Ankle joint angle	M	74.2	74.9	78.4	77.7	1.12	0.31	0.00	0.99	0.20	0.67
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	7.3	6.4	9.0	10.9
Ankle joint angle	M	92.9	100.7	98.6	99.1	0.13	0.73	0.72	0.41	0.62	0.44
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	17.8	13.4	15.1	16.6
Ankle joint angle	M	141.0	138.5	139.3	136.0	0.32	0.58	2.10	0.17	0.03	0.86
(End phase) (deg)	SD	7.5	8.0	10.9	9.4
Knee joint angle	M	85.5	72.2	88.0	85.1	2.30	0.15	5.50	0.03*	2.41	0.14
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	16.7	11.2	12.9	12.5
Knee joint angle	M	114.0	126.8	120.4	117.7	0.04	0.84	0.59	0.45	1.68	0.21
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	24.4	11.8	22.0	17.9
Knee joint angle	M	158.7	165.1	159.2	155.5	0.62	0.44	0.09	0.77	1.92	0.19
(End phase) (deg)	SD	18.2	6.5	14.3	18.4
Hip joint angle	M	78.5	60.2	77.1	78.4	2.11	0.17	3.96	0.06	5.99	0.03*	PT: pre > post
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	15.3	13.3	16.0	14.9
Hip joint angle	M	127.5	130.4	132.1	131.1	0.55	0.47	0.13	0.72	0.67	0.43
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	11.0	6.0	8.3	9.8
Hip joint angle	M	157.3	151.9	152.8	159.3	0.09	0.77	0.05	0.83	2.1	0.17
(End phase) (deg)	SD	13.2	16.4	13.6	10.8
Trunk angle (deg)	M	9.6	7.1	7.0	6.2	1.38	0.26	3.32	0.12	1.36	0.26
	SD	5.3	3.7	3.3	2.4
Ankle extension velocity (deg/s)	M	746.8	688.5	747.0	704.5	0.11	0.75	5.2	0.04	0.13	0.72
	SD	56.9	58.7	62.2	94.8
Knee extension velocity (deg/s)	M	712.6	787.9	723.3	710.9	1.29	0.27	1.47	0.24	3.38	0.08
	SD	98.8	34.7	72.3	96.0
Hip extension velocity (deg/s)	M	567.7	553.5	579.1	546.3	0.00	0.96	1.33	0.26	0.20	0.66
	SD	72.9	162.2	79.0	66.6

M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation, *:p < 0.05.

Table 5. The results of two-way ANOVA in heading jump with run-up.

		PT group		C group		Two-way ANOVA						Multiple comparison test
		(n = 8)		(n = 9)		group		Pre-Post		interaction
		Pre	Post	Pre	Post	F	P	F	P	F	P
Jump height(cm)	M	46.6	51.6	46.8	47.4	0.42	0.52	9.56	0.01*	6.62	0.02*	PT: pre < post
	SD	7.5	4.9	7.6	6.3
Arm swing angular velocity (deg/s)	M	685.9	691.0	601.1	561.7	2.42	0.14	0.16	0.70	0.23	0.64
	SD	172.3	86.4	203.6	191.4
Ankle joint angle	M	98.9	96.9	92.6	91.3	1.28	0.27	0.30	0.59	0.00	0.96
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	22.0	8.7	9.9	9.0
Ankle joint angle	M	127.2	114.3	122.1	106.1	1.89	0.19	9.06	0.01*	0.13	0.73
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	21.8	8.5	14.3	11.3
Ankle joint angle	M	143.7	135.5	131.4	137.2	1.33	0.27	0.22	0.64	7.50	0.01*	PT: pre > post
(End phase) (deg)	SD	12.5	12.9	12.1	8.3
Knee joint angle	M	121.1	113.7	107.3	114.2	2.15	0.16	0.13	0.72	3.07	0.10
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	21.5	11.9	13.0	11.8
Knee joint angle	M	147.2	140.7	156.3	132.9	0.00	0.96	6.99	0.02*	1.90	0.19
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	23.0	6.0	10.9	26.6
Knee joint angle	M	158.6	151.4	155.0	157.9	0.02	0.89	0.04	0.85	1.10	0.31
(End phase) (deg)	SD	16.4	21.7	16.7	11.2
Hip joint angle	M	116.1	117.2	114.9	117.5	0.00	0.95	0.69	0.42	0.11	0.74
(Start phase) (deg)	SD	11.2	12.0	15.0	11.8
Hip joint angle	M	147.0	137.5	149.3	139.6	0.44	0.52	14.44	0.00*	0.00	0.96
(Take-off phase) (deg)	SD	7.0	8.2	9.2	10.2
Hip joint angle	M	136.9	145.2	149.2	150.8	2.00	0.18	1.08	0.31	0.51	0.48
(End phase) (deg)	SD	12.2	13.1	19.2	19.9
Trunk angle (deg)	M	8.2	9.0	6.9	6.9	0.01	0.91	2.12	0.23	1.44	0.25
	SD	4.9	4.4	2.4	4.6
Ankle extension velocity (deg/s)	M	660.0	592.3	585.6	624.2	0.18	0.68	0.04	0.84	0.94	0.35
	SD	171.2	177.4	154.0	131.1
Knee extension velocity (deg/s)	M	620.2	595.5	532.7	555.9	1.34	0.26	0.00	0.99	0.33	0.57
	SD	174.2	143.2	145.5	118.2
Hip extension velocity (deg/s)	M	480.4	477.8	425.3	440.0	1.84	0.19	0.06	0.81	0.11	0.74
	SD	101.1	107.4	87.9	68.1

M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation, *:p < 0.05.

Table 6. The results of two-way ANOVA in RJ index.

		PT group		C group		Two-way ANOVA						Multiple comparison test
		(n = 8)		(n = 9)		group		Pre-Post		interaction
		Pre	Post	Pre	Post	F	P	F	P	F	P
RJ index	M	1.4	1.8	1.3	1.3	4.13	0.06	16.5	0.00*	17.4	0.00*	PT: pre < post
	SD	0.4	0.2	0.3	0.3

M: Mean; SD: Standard deviation, *:p < 0.05.

Data availability statement

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.