The influence of household size on socioeconomic conditions of rural farm households in Damot Woyde District, Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Location map of the study area.

Table 1. Description of the variables employed in the MANOVA analysis.

Outcome Variables	Independent variable (household size)	Sample size
A.Annual estimated savings (ETB*)	Small household size	74
B.Annual estimated consumption expense (ETB)	Medium household size	195
	Large household size	77
	Total = 3 groups	346
Pearson correlation between savings and consumption expenditure = −0.031

*ETB: The national currency of Ethiopia.

Table 2. The descriptive statistics.

	Household size groups
	Small (n = 74)	Medium (n = 195)	Large (n = 77)	Total (n = 346)
Mean Income (S.D*)ETB	13595.33 (3677.87)	12644.23 (3031.07)	11362.32 (1919.04)	12562.37 (3064.93)
Mean Savings (S.D*)ETB*	1809.95 (1578.59)	−81.96 (1612.83)	−2062.71 (1116.66)	−118.13 (1976.55)
Mean Consumption (S.D*)ETB	11785.38 (2998.02)	12726.19 (2258.03)	13425.04 (1799.74)	12680.50 (2404.00)
Saving Income Ratio	0.133	−0.006	−0.181	−0.009
Consumption Income Ratio	0.867	1.006	1.181	1.009

* S.D: Standard deviation; (values in the parenthesis are Standard deviation), ETB: the Ethiopian Birr, the currency of Ethiopia.

Table 3. Single-factor MANOVA Results.

Box’s Test	Multivariate F-Test			Levene’s test	Univariate F-test
	Pillai’s trace	Roy’s largest root	Wilk’s lambda
6.59***	51.68***	147.50***	62.30***	Savings = 5.22**	Savings = 124.35*** (0.420^b)
	0.860^a	0.463^a	0.537^a	Consumption = 17.49***	Consumption = 9.28***
					(0.151^b)

*** &. **: represent that test statistic is significant at 1% and 5% level respectively.

^a &.

^b : denotes the multivariate outcomes and Partial Eta Squared, respectively.

Table 4. Post hoc comparisons results of MANOVA.

Dependent variables	Household size (I)	Household size (J)	Mean difference (I-J)	Std. error	Sig	95% confidence interval
						Lower bound	Upper bound
Annual Savings	Small HHS	Medium HHS	1891.92***	216.83	.000	1378.04	2405.79
		Large HHS	3872.67***	223.31	.000	3343.27	4402.06
	Medium HHS	Large HHS	1980.75***	171.85	.000	1574.95	2386.55
Annual consumption expenditure	Small HHS	Medium HHS	−940.82**	384.20	.042	−1854.09	−27.54
		Large HHS	−1639.66***	404.38	.000	−2599.46	−679.85
	Medium HHS	Large HHS	−698.84**	261.18	.022	−1316.26	−81.42

*** &. **: The mean difference is statistically significant at 1% and 5% level, respectively.

HHS: Household size group.

Table 5. Variables descriptions of OLR.

Variables		Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. deviation
Household Size		4	13	6.64	1.51
Household Head’s Education		0	12	1.96	3.37
Annual Income		7625 ETB	25,210 ETB	12,562.37 ETB	3064.93
Distance to School (Km)		0.5	6	2.85	1.17
Distance to Health Center (Km)		2	23.9	9.46	4.88
Gender		Male = 282 (81.5%)	Female = 64 (18.5%)	Total = 346 (100%)

Figure 2. Rural household financial capacity to cover children’s education expenses (a) household members’ health expenses (b).

Table 6. POM variable estimations with three-ordered categories based on household ability to cover children’s education expenses - OLR Model 1 (N = 346).

Variables	Estimate	S.E	p-value	OR	95% CI for OR
					Lower	Upper
Gender (Male)	.923	.4228	.029**	2.517	1.099	5.766
Household Head’s Education in schooling years	.071	.0460	.123	1.074	.981	1.175
Household size	−1.913	.2178	.000***	.148	.096	.226
Annual income	.000	.0000	.000***	1.000	1.000	1.000
Distance to school (km)	.107	.1342	.425	1.113	.856	1.448

Model fitting information: p-value < 0.001; Goodness-of-Fit: Pearson, p-value = 1.00, Deviance, p-value = 1.00; Pseudo R², Nagelkerke = 0.636; Parallel line test: p-value = 0.147.

Table 7. POM variable estimations with three-ordered categories based on household ability to cover health expenses of household members - OLR Model 2 (N = 346).

Variables	Estimate	S.E	p-value	OR	95% CI for OR
					Lower	Upper
Gender (male)	.634	.4721	.179	1.885	.747	4.754
Household head’s education in schooling years	.052	.0485	.288	1.053	.957	1.158
Household size	−1.628	.2270	.000***	.196	.126	.306
Annual income	.000	.0001	.000***	1.000	1.000	1.001
Distance to health center (km)	−.001	.0314	.966	.999	.939	1.062

Model fitting information: p-value < 0.001; Goodness-of-Fit: Pearson, p-value = 0.961 Deviance, p-value = 1.00; Pseudo R², Nagelkerke = 0.604; Parallel line test: p-value = 0.171.

Availability of data and materials

The data sets used and/or analyzed for this study are available on acceptable request from the corresponding author.