Altruism in management education: a closer look at yoga-based practices

Figures & data

Table 1. Significant altruistic behaviour.

Sr. No.	Factors	Description	Citation
1	Subjective vitality	The term ‘subjective vitality’ describes how someone feels as though they have energy and are alive and well. Yoga-based techniques have been shown to have a favourable effect on subjective vitality, which enhances management professionals’ well-being.	Strijk et al., 2012
2	Self-transcendence	Self-transcendence is a psychological idea that entails getting outside of one’s own self and feeling linked to other people and the rest of the world. It has been discovered that yoga-based practices, which include asana (physical postures), pranayama (breathing techniques), meditation, and ethical precepts, encourage self-transcendence behaviours in their practitioners.	Johnstone et al., 2016
3	Emotional intelligence	Emotional intelligence is the capacity to identify, understand, and manage one’s own emotions as well as those of others. It promotes healthier interpersonal interactions and well-being.	Adhia et al., 2010
4	Mindfulness	Being mindful is being present, involved, and judgment-free in the time at hand. It is frequently developed through meditation techniques and has been associated with increased well-being and decreased stress.	Gaiswinkler & Unterrainer, 2016; Reitz et al., 2020
5	Self-compassion	Yoga-based practices place a strong emphasis on self-care and self-compassion, encouraging people to develop self-acceptance and kindness. Self-compassion training helps people adopt a more nurturing and forgiving perspective toward their own experiences and failings. This ability to be compassionate towards oneself can be extended to others, developing a deeper understanding of other people’s suffering and struggles.	Gard et al., 2012
6	Resilience	The capacity for adaptation and recovery after hardship is resilience. It entails employing coping mechanisms, optimistic thinking, and social support to get through difficulties and preserve well-being.	Sullivan et al., 2018
7	Posttraumatic growth	The positive transformation that happens after a traumatic or challenging experience is known as posttraumatic development. It entails a change in viewpoint, fresh perceptions, and a greater respect for life.	Morrison & Dwarika, 2022
8	Psychological capital	A good psychological state known as psychological capital is one in which self-efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience are all present. It is regarded as a psychological resource that people can cultivate and grow in order to boost their performance in a variety of spheres of life, including the job. It has been discovered that yoga-based practices, which include physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and mindfulness, help management professionals enhance their psychological capital.	Luthans et al., 2019
9	Mind-body integration	Yoga-based exercises emphasize integrating the mind and body and acknowledge the interdependence of one’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. People can develop a greater awareness of the mind-body connection by practising physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation. The promotion of self-care, self-awareness, and general well-being by this mind-body integration may help people develop more altruistic and compassionate attitudes towards other people.	Cerdá et al., 2023; Woodyard, 2011
10	Flow	Flow is a state of complete concentration and immersion in an activity; it’s frequently referred to as being ‘in the zone’. A harmony of skill and challenge characterizes it, and it has been associated with improved performance and enjoyment.	Briegel-Jones et al., 2013; Rosén & Larsson, 2023
11	Self-regulation	The ability to control or redirect agitating urges and feelings, as well as comfort with ambiguity. a tendency to think things through and delay making decisions.	Adhia et al., 2010

Figure 1. Research methodology flowchart.

Table 2. Aggregate fuzzy judgements.

Factors	Scores
	Min	Max	Geometric mean	Aggregate fuzzy number	Final (defuzzification)
1	3	9	6.765	3, 9, 6.765	6.255
2	3	9	7.143	3, 9, 7.143	6.381
3	3	9	6.563	3, 9, 6.563	6.187
4	3	9	5.975	3, 9, 5.975	5.991
5	3	9	4.532	1, 9, 4.532	5.5106
6	3	9	6.776	3, 9, 6.776	6.258
7	3	9	6.991	3, 9, 6.991	6.330
8	3	9	5.967	3, 9, 5.967	5.989
9	1	9	4.175	1, 9, 4.175	5.391
10	1	9	7.154	1, 9, 7.154	5.718
11	3	9	6.756	3, 9, 6.756	6.252

Table 3. Cause-effect relationship.

Factors	Code	D	R	D + R	D − R	Cause/effect	Ranking
Subjective vitality	B1	5.0913	5.2752	10.3665	−0.1839	Effect	9
Self-transcendence	B2	6.2832	7.7321	14.0153	−1.4489	Effect	1
Emotional intelligence	B3	7.0986	4.803	11.9016	2.2956	Cause	5
Mindfulness	B4	6.289	5.5402	11.8292	0.7488	Cause	6
Resilience	B5	5.5331	6.2106	11.7437	−0.6775	Effect	7
Post-traumatic growth	B6	6.5812	5.7191	12.3003	0.8621	Cause	3
Psychological capital	B7	6.5913	5.9531	12.5444	0.6382	Cause	2
Flow	B8	5.4223	6.5618	11.9841	−1.1395	Effect	4
Self-regulation	B9	5.1625	6.2574	11.4199	−1.0949	Effect	8

Figure 2. Cause-effect relationship graph.

Table A1. Linguistic evaluation scale.

Sr. No.	Linguistic parameter	Reference code	Numeric scale
1	Absolute essential	AE	9
2	Very important	VI	7
3	Important	I	5
4	Moderately important	MI	3
5	Slightly important	SI	1

Table A2. Initial Matrix.

Factors	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9
Subjective vitality (B1)	1	3	1	1	2	1	1	2	2
Self-transcendence (B2)	2	3	2	2	2	1	2	1	2
Emotional intelligence (B3)	1	3	2	2	2	3	2	2	2
Mindfulness (B4)	1	2	1	2	2	3	2	2	2
Resilience (B5)	2	2	1	3	2	1	1	2	1
Posttraumatic growth (B6)	2	2	2	2	3	2	1	2	2
Psychological capital (B7)	2	2	2	1	2	2	2	3	2
Flow (B8)	2	2	1	1	1	1	2	3	2
Self-regulation (B9)	1	2	1	1	1	2	2	2	2

Table A3. Normalized matrix.

Factors	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9
B1	0.0526	0.1578	0.0526	0.0526	0.1052	0.0526	0.0526	0.1052	0.1052
B2	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.0526	0.1052	0.0526	0.1052
B3	0.0526	0.1578	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052
B4	0.0526	0.1052	0.0526	0.1052	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052
B5	0.1052	0.1052	0.0526	0.1578	0.1052	0.0526	0.0526	0.1052	0.0526
B6	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052	0.0526	0.1052	0.1052
B7	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.0526	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052
B8	0.1052	0.1052	0.0526	0.0526	0.0526	0.0526	0.1052	0.1578	0.1052
B9	0.0526	0.1052	0.0526	0.0526	0.0526	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052	0.1052

Table A4. Total relation matrix.

Factors	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B7	B8	B9	D
B1	0.4816	0.7835	0.4399	0.5015	0.6026	0.5066	0.5365	0.6296	0.6095	5.0913
B2	0.6296	0.9323	0.5855	0.6595	0.7242	0.6223	0.7007	0.7006	0.7285	6.2832
B3	0.6502	1.0276	0.6503	0.733	0.8078	0.8028	0.776	0.841	0.8099	7.0986
B4	0.5828	0.8718	0.5326	0.6597	0.7272	0.7278	0.6983	0.7598	0.729	6.2890
B5	0.5673	0.7836	0.4722	0.6472	0.6524	0.5556	0.6286	0.6255	0.6007	5.5331
B6	0.6557	0.9123	0.6037	0.6894	0.8064	0.6998	0.674	0.7843	0.7556	6.5812
B7	0.6594	0.9138	0.6072	0.6284	0.7512	0.6972	0.7277	0.8469	0.7595	6.5913
B8	0.5608	0.7705	0.4637	0.5195	0.5793	0.5362	0.6183	0.7285	0.6455	5.4223
B9	0.4878	0.7367	0.4479	0.502	0.5595	0.5708	0.593	0.6456	0.6192	5.1625
R	5.2752	7.7321	4.803	5.5402	6.2106	5.7191	5.9531	6.5618	6.2574

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Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [HS], upon reasonable request.