Family, teachers and peer support as predictors of school engagement among secondary school Ethiopian adolescent students

Figures & data

Table 1. Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the scales

Variables	Number of items	Cronbach’s Alpha (α)
Family Support	12	0.92
Teachers Support	12	0.89
Peer Support	12	0.90
Behavioural Engagement	5	0.81
Emotional Engagement	4	0.73
Cognitive Engagement	8	0.89
Agentic Engagement	5	0.83
Total School Engagement	22	0.92

Table 2. Summary statistics of the family, teachers and peer support and sub-scales and overall scores of school engagement (N = 278)

Variables	Number of items	Min.	Max.	Mean	Expected Mean	S.D
FS	12	20.00	55.00	37.03	36	8.95
TS	12	20.00	53.00	37.02	36	7.90
PS	12	20.00	53.00	38.83	36	7.38
BE	5	7.00	25.00	16.06	15	3.96
EE	4	4.00	20.00	12.59	12	3.02
CE	8	9.00	40.00	25.25	24	6.66
AE	5	5.00	25.00	15.92	15	4.09
SETOT	22	37.00	95.00	69.73	66	14.16

Note: FS Family Support, TS Teachers Supports, PS Peer Support, BE Behavioural Engagement, EE Emotional Engagement, CE Cognitive Engagement, AE Agentic Engagement, SE School Engagement

Table 3. Correlations among predictor and outcome variables

	Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1.	Age	1
2.	Grade Level	0.920**	1
3.	SES	−.030	−.004	1
4.	Family S	0.027	0.050	0.836**	1
5.	Teachers S.	0.082	0.105	0.500**	0.524**	1
6.	Peer S.	0.000	0.002	0.523**	0.537**	0.390**	1
7.	BE	0.144*	0.136*	0.600**	0.606**	0.481**	0.394**	1
8.	EE	−0.035	−0.042	0.445**	0.497**	0.341**	0.390**	0.443**	1
9.	CE	−0.069	−0.058	0.525**	0.542**	0.390**	0.356**	0.457**	0.497**	1
10.	AE	0.090	0.105	0.468**	0.446**	0.397**	0.394**	0.459**	0.440**	0.546**	1
11.	SETOTAL	0.043	0.054	0.670**	0.665**	0.458**	0.493**	0.722**	0.711**	0.827**	0.773**	1

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 4. Results for regression analyses examining the contributions of demographic variables and family, teachers and peer support to school engagement

	Overall School Engagement		School engagement (SE)
			Behavioural		Emotional		Cognitive		Agentic
	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE	β	SE
Sex dummy	−0.029	1.214	−0.027	0.363	−0.060	0.315	0.009	0.668	−0.071	0.423
Age	0.054	1.247	0.215	0.372	0.082	0.323	−0.021	0.686	0.032	0.434
Grade Level	0.018	1.351	0.091	0.403	0.144	0.350	0.067	0.743	0.057	0.471
SES	0.333**	0.946	0.288**	0.283	0.041	0.245	0.185*	0.521	0.262**	0.330
Family Sup.	0.261**	0.128	0.247**	0.038	0.342**	0.033	0.295**	0.071	0.051	0.045
Teacher Sup.	0.095*	0.092	0.182**	0.027	0.088	0.024	0.132*	0.051	0.162**	0.032
Peer Sup.	0.140**	0.099	0.039	0.030	0.147*	0.026	0.050	0.055	0.162**	0.035
	R^2 = .499 F = 40.435**		R^2 = .43 F = 30.8**		R^2 = .265 F = 15.247**		R^2 = .315 F = 19.156**		R^2 = .271 F = 15.676**

*p < .05, **p < .01

Table 5. Results for hierarchical regression analyses examining the contributions of the interactions between family support, teachers support and peer support on school engagement

Variables and interaction	Overall School Engagement
	β	R^2 (R^2 Adjusted)	∆R^2	F
Family Support Teachers Support Family Sup.*Teachers S.	1.255*** 0.722*** 1.092**	0.459 (.455) 0.476 (.470)	0.017	82.944**
Family Support Peer Support Family Sup.*Peer Sup.	0.791** 0.354 -0.347	0.468 (.465) 0.470 (.464)	0.002	81.010
Teacher Support Peer Support Teacher Sup.*Peer Sup.	0.408 0.458* 0.153	0.326 (.321) 0.326 (.319)	0.000	44.266

Note. N = 278; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001