Use of biofuel with turpentine oil additive in a compression ignition engine: a green initiative to fulfill sustainable development goals

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of literature.

Testing condition	Outcome	Reference
Diesel blended with 20% oxyturpentine and EGR	Drop in particulate number, NOx and particulate matter with a simultaneous increase in HC and CO emissions	Dueso et al. (2018)
Dual fuel of jatropha biodiesel with turpentine oil (BT50) in a diesel engine	Reduction in NOx, HC, CO and smoke emissions and BTE with increase in carbon dioxide (CO2)	Dubey and Gupta (2018)
Blends of pine oil methyl esters with pine oil	Superior outcome with regard to smoke, HC and CO with a marginal rise in NOx emissions	Venkatesan and Nallusamy (2020)

Figure 1. Chemical structure of turpentine oil (Kadarohman et al., 2021).

Table 2. Properties of WCO B20 and turpentine oil.

Property	B20 biodiesel	Turpentine oil (Jeevanantham et al., 2020)
Calorific value (MJ/kg)	40.8	44.4
Density (kg/m^3)	840	850
Cetane index	60.71 (Abed et al., 2018)	38
Flash point (°C)	65	41
Kinematic viscosity (mm^2/s)	4.09	2.5

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of test setup.

Figure 3. Flow chart of the experimentation.

Table 3. Description of the test setup.

Item	Details
Engine make	Kirloskar TV1
Rated brake power	5.2 kW @ 1500 rpm
Fuel injection pressure	180 bar
Stroke	110 mm
Compression ratio	17.5:1
Dynamometer type	Eddy current
Bore	87.5 mm
Stroke volume	661 cm^3

Table 4. Values of uncertainties of the noted variables.

Variable	Percentage of uncertainty
Load	±0.65
Fuel rate of fuel	±1.0
Brake thermal efficiency	±0.66
CO	±1.4
CO2	±1.4
HC	±2.1
NO	±2.0
Smoke	±1.8

Figure 4. BTE characteristics for various fuel blends.

Figure 5. CO characteristics for various fuel blends.

Figure 6. CO₂ characteristics for various fuel blends.

Figure 7. NOx characteristics for various fuel blends.

Figure 8. HC characteristics for various fuel blends.

Figure 9. Smoke opacity for various fuel blends.

Dueso, C., Muñoz, M., Moreno, F., Arroyo, J., Gil-Lalaguna, N., Bautista, A., Gonzalo, A., & Sánchez, J. L. (2018). Performance and emissions of a diesel engine using sunflower biodiesel with a renewable antioxidant additive from bio-oil. Fuel, 234, 276–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.013

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Dubey, P., & Gupta, R. (2018). Influences of dual bio-fuel (Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil) on single cylinder variable compression ratio diesel engine. Renewable Energy, 115, 1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.09.055

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Venkatesan, V., & Nallusamy, N. (2020). Pine oil-soapnut oil methyl ester blends: A hybrid biofuel approach to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a twin cylinder off-road tractor diesel engine. Fuel, 262, 116500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116500

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Kadarohman, A., Khoerunnisa, F., Sapee, S., Eko Sardjono, R., Izzudin, I., Mamat, R., Yusop, A. F., Yusaf, T., & Hendrawan, E. (2021). The effect of oxygenated turpentine oil additive in diesel fuel on the performance and emission characteristics in one-cylinder DI engines. Designs, 5( 4), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs5040073

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Jeevanantham, A. K., Reddy, D. M., Goyal, N., Bansal, D., Kumar, G., Kumar, A., Nanthagopal, K., & Ashok, B. (2020). Experimental study on the effect of cetane improver with turpentine oil on CI engine characteristics. Fuel, 262, 116551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116551

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Abed, K. A., El Morsi, A. K., Sayed, M. M., El Shaib, A. A., & Gad, M. S. (2018). Effect of waste cooking-oil biodiesel on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 27(4), 985–989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2018.02.008

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Data availability statement

Data can be made available on a reasonable request.