Spatio-temporal characteristics of fertilizer utilization efficiency in China during 1999-2018: a biennial weight modified Russell model

Figures & data

Table 1. Construction of input and output indicators

	Factor	Indicator
Input	Labor (L)	The number of agricultural practitioners (unit: million)
	Land (N)	Area sown with crops (unit: hectare)
	Machinery (E)	Electricity consumption of agricultural machinery (unit: kilowatts)
	Fertilizer (F)	Applying quantity of chemical fertilizer (unit: ton)
	Pesticide (P)	Consumption of chemical pesticides (unit: ton)
	Agricultural film (R)	The amount of agricultural film used (unit: ton)
	Agricultural water (W)	Actual irrigation area (unit: hectare)
	Farm animals (A)	The number of farm draft animals (unit: million)
Output	Desirable output (Y)	The actual agricultural production (Yuan)
	Undesirable output (C)	Agricultural carbon emissions (ton)

Table 2. Agricultural carbon emission sources

Sources	Sub-sources
Agricultural materials	Fertilizer, pesticides, plastic sheeting, diesel oil, and energy consumption for irrigation
Rice cultivation	Early rice, late rice, in-season rice
Soil Surface releasing when planting crops	Paddy rice, winter wheat, spring wheat, soybean, corn, and vegetables
Livestock and poultry farming	Cow, buffalo, cattle, mule, camel, donkey, horse, pig, sheep, goat, rabbit, and poultry
Straw burning	Rice, wheat, corn, rape, soybean, and cotton straw

Figure 1. Mean value of FUE in China, MGPAs, MGSAs, and GBAs from 1999 to 2018. Notes: FUE = fertilizer utilization efficiency; MGPAs = main grain-producing areas; GBAs = grain balance areas; MGSAs = main grain-selling areas.

Figure 2. The kernel density distribution of FUE in MGPAs and GBAs. Notes: FUE = fertilizer utilization efficiency; MGPAs = main grain-producing areas; GBAs = grain balance areas; MGSAs = main grain-selling areas.

Figure 3. Provincial distributions of FUE in China in 1999–2003, 2004–2008, 2009–2013, 2014–2018, respectively. Notes: MGPAs = main grain-producing areas; GBAs = grain balance areas; MGSAs = main grain-selling areas.

Figure 4. The Gini ratios within the three regions during 1999–2018. Notes: MGPAs = main grain-producing areas; GBAs = grain balance areas; MGSAs = main grain-selling areas.

Figure 5. The Gini ratios between the three regions during 1999–2018. Notes: MGPAs = main grain-producing areas; GBAs = grain balance areas; MGSAs = main grain-selling areas.

Figure 6. The sources of the total Gini ratios of FUE in China during 1999–2018. Notes: intra-regional difference = ID, net inter-regional difference = NID, inter-regional intensity of transvariation = IID.