Revealing of stomach histology of beta-agonist free, hygienic, and natural swine

Figures & data

Table 1. Information across beta-agonist free, hygienic, and natural swine farming methods

Swine type/ Raising and feeding	Beta-agonist free	Hygienic	Natural
No beta-agonist using	✔	✔	✔
Housing in a farm supervised by the Department of Livestock Development	✔	✔ (Farming that passed standard certification)	✔ (Natural farming without the restriction on places that passed standard certification)
Feeding by an exact recipe to control the daily intake of nutrients	✔	✔ (Fineness feed particle)	✔ (Fineness feed particle)
No antibiotics used		✔	✔
Housing in a closed system with temperature and pathogens controlled by using detergent and drugs for farm disinfection		✔
Using herbs such as rhizome of Curcuma longa L. and leaf of the Psidium guajava L. when swine get sick			✔

Figure 1. The histology presenting thickness of mucosa layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 2.5× of microscope.

Figure 2. The histology presenting thickness of submucosa layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 2.5× of microscope.

Figure 3. The histology presenting thickness of muscularis layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 2.5× of microscope.

Figure 4. Histology of gastric glands in mucosa layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 10× of microscope.

Figure 5. Morphology indicating inflammatory cells indicated as red circle and red blood cells indicated as black arrow in mucosa layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 40x of microscope.

Figure 6. Morphology indicating inflammatory cells indicated as red circle and red blood cells indicated as black arrow in submucosa layer of swine’s stomachs in various regions including fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus of natural, beta-agonist free, and hygienic swine. Determined by scanning objective of 40x of microscope.

Figure 7. Comparisons of the thickness of fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus regions on mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis layers in swine. Comparisons of number of inflammatory and red blood cells in fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus regions on mucosa and submucosa layers in swine. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.01, ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001

Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2208248.