Livestock and aquaculture farming in Bangladesh: Current and future challenges and opportunities

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic representation illustrating the systematic review process.

Figure 2. General livestock distribution maps are normalized by area. (a) Total bovine distribution. (b) Total small ruminant distribution. (c) Total poultry distribution. (d) Total inland aquaculture distribution.

Figure 3. All cluster group’s livestock quantities (based on below average or above average) and explanatory variables.

Table 1. Potential interventions to challenges facing livestock and aquaculture farming in Bangladesh

Challenge	Sub-Category of Challenge	Interventions for Improvement	Reference
Climate change and natural hazards	General	Wealth distribution.	(Delaporte & Maurel, 2018)
		Increase in access to education.	(Younus et al., 2018; Delaporte & Maurel, 2018)
		Increase in access to electricity.	(Younus et al., 2018; Delaporte & Maurel, 2018)
		Coping factors such as changing field location, changing crop consumption patterns, changing the amount of land under production, seeking off-farm employment, and/or migrating to a new location.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; Delaporte & Maurel, 2018)
	Drought and Water Scarcity	Policy action through research and extension of high yielding, saline-tolerance, and saline tolerant rice and fodder varieties, low-water consuming crops, and soil and water conservation	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; K. Alam, 2015; M. Z. Ali et al., 2020)
		Expansion of irrigation water management techniques (increased surface water irrigation and limited groundwater infrastructure).	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; K. Alam, 2015)
		Conservation tillage and mulching.	(K. Alam, 2015)
		Effective planning between government and non-government organizations.	(K. Alam, 2015; Ayeb-Karlsson et al., 2016; Younus et al., 2018)
		Popularize irrigated fodder production in drought years.	(Biswas et al., 2019)
	Flood	Build and maintain anticipatory flood defenses (such as embankments.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; FAO, 2021)
		Reliable forecasting, warning system, and pre-agreed warning thresholds.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; FAO, 2021)
		Early preparatory and anticipatory actions such as packing food, fodder, and other essential belongings, traveling to higher ground and placing livestock in shelters.	(Ayeb-Karlsson et al., 2016; FAO, 2021)
		Establish a flood zone.	(Biswas et al., 2019)
	Cyclone	Increase number of cyclone shelters.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; Biswas et al., 2019; B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
		Early warning system.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; Biswas et al., 2019; B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
		Construction of dykes and embankments.	(S. N. Ahmed & Islam, 2013; Biswas et al., 2019; B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
Poor veterinary care	General	Intensified surveillance of biosecurity.	(M. Z. Ali et al., 2020)
	Poultry	Increase in access to professional organizations/associations that provide information on market prices of inputs and outputs and poultry production and biosecurity.	(Hennessey et al., 2021; Orubu et al., 2020)
		Intensified surveillance of biosecurity.	(M. Z. Ali et al., 2020; Parvin et al., 2020; Orubu et al., 2018)
		Tightening of trading control and biosecurity at live bird markets.	(Akwar et al., 2018; Parvin et al., 2020; Orubu et al., 2018)
		Sensible implementation of cost-effective avian influenza vaccinations.	(M. Islam et al., 2014; Parvin et al., 2020)
		Increase in veterinary capacity.	(M. Islam et al., 2014; Parvin et al., 2020)
		Public education to improve awareness of bird flu.	(M. Islam et al., 2014; Parvin et al., 2020; Orubu et al., 2018)
	Ruminant	Foot-and-mouth disease vaccinations should be given to buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs.	(A. K. M. A. Rahman et al., 2020)
Lack of technical experience	General	Non-government, government, and private organizations must increase access to and knowledge of education.	(K. Alam, 2015; Delaporte & Maurel, 2018; Younus et al., 2018)
		Non-government, government, and private organizations must increase access to and knowledge of electricity.	(K. Alam, 2015)
		Non-government, government, and private organizations must increase access to and knowledge of awareness of climate variability.	(K. Alam, 2015)
		Non-government, government, and private organizations must increase access to and knowledge of tenure status.	(K. Alam, 2015)
		Non-government, government and private organizations must increase access to and knowledge of institutions and infrastructure.	(K. Alam, 2015)
		Adoption and intensification of the semi-intensive method of coastal artisanal fishing.	(M. Ali, 2014)
Breeding and management practices	General	Community-based breeding programs.	(Bhuiyan, 2017)
		Formation of farmers’ organization and supporting services from research institutes, the government livestock development office, agribusiness agents, cooperatives, and farmer’s participation.	(Bhuiyan, 2014)
		Development of promising native livestock breeds through systemic pure breeding programs.	(M. Z. Ali et al., 2020; Siddiky, 2018)
	Small Ruminant	Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute has distributed quality bucks and rams to community farms.	(Bhuiyan, 2014)
	Aquaculture	Improvement of pond culture productivity and expanding cage/pen culture in the coastal region.	(B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
		Establishment of fish and shrimp processing and preservation plants, modern fish hatcheries, and supporting positive environmental, high-quality fish drying plants.	(B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
	Pig	Development of good indigenous species.	(Government of Bangladesh & FAO, 2013)
		Establishment of a breeding program.	(Government of Bangladesh & FAO, 2013)
		Utilize scientific husbandry (improved feed management).	(Government of Bangladesh & FAO, 2013)
	Poultry	A focused breeding program of indigenous/local breeds.	(Besbes, 2009)
Marketing and international trade	Aquaculture	Integration of shrimp and rice farming to increase job opportunities.	(B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
		Enforcement of land zoning and changing current management practices.	(B. Paul & Rashid, 2016)
		Expansion of crab farming due to export market.	(M. Alam et al., 2013; M. Ali, 2014; Sutradhar et al., 2015)
	Cattle	Improvement of market facilities.	(N. Ahmed et al., 2010)
		Check price fluctuations.	(N. Ahmed et al., 2010)
		Government legislation of market price.	(N. Ahmed et al., 2010)
		Management of proper capital.	(N. Ahmed et al., 2010)
SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic	General	Support of farmers to maintain the production cycle, flourishing market demand, and alternative supply chains.	(M. S. Rahman & Das, 2021)
		Collaboration of government and non-government organizations with industries and academic institutions to promote effective decision-making.	(M. S. Rahman & Das, 2021)
		Bangladesh government announced a USD $589 million stimulus package to support non-crop farmers critically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.	(M. T. Islam et al., 2020)
	Dairy Farming	Increase household consumption.	(Uddin et al., 2021)
		Increase investment and adoption of liquid milk processing technology at the farm level.	(Uddin et al., 2021)
		Increase farm economic knowledge.	(Uddin et al., 2021)
		Increase feed management efficiency.	(Uddin et al., 2021)

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Data availability statement

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.