Genetic diversity of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) genotypes based on agro-morphological and biochemical traits

Figures & data

Table 1. Results of variability analysis of 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits of 196 sugarcane genotypes evaluated on light soil (Cambisol) at Metahara sugar estate during May 2021 to November 2022

Traits	Replication (1)	Genotype (195)	Block (Replication) (26)	Residual (169)	CV (%)	R^2 (%)	Mean ± SE	Range (Min to Max)	Range unit	#Genotypes with greater mean values than the population mean
SPN30	1649.02***	137.58***	30.00^ns	28.30	25.50	84.57	20.86 ± 3.78	4.74–48.59	43.85	81
SPN45	2011.59***	94.40***	82.00**	36.90	25.00	76.09	24.26 ± 4.63	3.60–49.12	45.52	91
TL3MAP	12880.10***	1148.60***	447.20*	285.90	28.40	82.21	59.49 ± 12.40	8.44–170.42	161.98	88
TL4MAP	16174.30***	1236.90***	370.40ns	328.80	25.70	81.53	70.46 ± 12.93	12.0–165.0	153.00	79
TL5MAP	14608.30***	1127.20***	396.90ns	398.40	27.00	76.79	73.99 ± 14.11	26.94–162.34	165.40	93
SC10MAP	12012.50***	558.00***	292.60ns	223.10	23.40	75.64	64.96 ± 10.78	28.13–115.77	87.64	94
PH10MAP (m)	16.87***	0.17***	0.12*	0.07	13.90	79.20	1.91 ± 0.20	1.10–2.63	1.53	99
SL18MAP (m)	3.15***	0.23***	0.07ns	0.06	8.40	81.94	2.82 ± 0.17	1.76–3.99	2.23	101
NI	272.28***	24.22***	12.14ns	11.25	11.10	71.61	30.29 ± 2.38	21.79–39.54	17.75	90
IL (cm)	0.95ns	3.41***	0.84ns	0.86	9.90	81.67	9.42 ± 0.66	5.85–13.83	7.98	96
SD (cm)	0.012ns	0.13***	0.03ns	0.04	7.70	77.70	2.65 ± 0.14	1.93–3.42	1.49	93
SCW (kg)	2.07***	0.22***	0.14ns	0.09	17.80	73.28	1.67 ± 0.22	0.95–2.86	1.91	94
CY (t/ha)	1342.42***	38.33***	33.70**	17.32	28.00	72.61	14.88 ± 3.12	1.11–29.86	28.75	88
Brix (%)	4.39ns	2.75***	1.92ns	1.54	6.30	65.94	19.68 ± 0.89	16.19–22.30	6.11	101
Pol (%)	1.77ns	3.62***	2.29ns	1.82	7.40	68.03	18.33 ± 0.97	14.98–21.33	6.35	101
Purity (%)	9.10ns	7.61***	4.38ns	4.67	2.30	63.80	93.03 ± 1.52	87.61–97.70	10.09	105
ERS (%)	0.42ns	2.46***	1.49ns	1.20	8.40	68.51	13.13 ± 0.79	9.88–15.56	5.68	103
SY (t/ha)	461573***	14787***	13683**	7275	29.20	70.64	29.24 ± 6.38	2.39–56.21	53.82	84

Notes: Bolded numbers in braces (title bar) represent the degrees of freedom for the respective sources of variation, SPN30; average number of sprouted buds per plot 30 days after planting, SPN45; average number of sprouted buds per plot 45 days after planting, TL3MAP; average number of tillers per plot three months after planting, TL4MAP; average number of tillers per plot four months after planting, TL5MAP; average number of tillers per plot five months after planting, SC10MAP; average number of stalks counted per plot 10 months after planting, PH10MAP; average plant height in meters 10 months after planting, SL18MAP; average stalk length in meters 18 months after planting, NI; average number of internode per stalk, IL; average internode length per stalk, SD; average stalk diameter in centimetres, SCW; average single cane weight in kilogram, CY; cane yield in ton per hectare, ERS; estimable sucrose percent, and SY; sugar yield in ton per hectare, CV; coefficients of variation, R²; coefficient of genetic determination, *; significant at p < 0.05, **; highly significant at p < 0.01, ***; very highly significant at p < 0.001. SE; standard error.

Table 2. Comparison of means of 12 local landraces against 184 introduced sugarcane genotypes based on 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits tested at Metahara sugar estate from May 2021-November 2022

Traits	Local landraces	Introduced genotypes	Difference	T-Value	P-value
SPN30	27.64	20.43	7.21	3.55	0.004
SPN45	25.76	24.16	1.6	0.64	0.535
TL3MAP	75.8	58.6	17.2	1.97	0.075
TL4MAP	83.4	69.6	13.8	1.64	0.127
TL5MAP	91.3	72.7	18.66	2.72	0.019
SC10MAP	63.8	64.9	1.15	0.36	0.725
PH10MAP (m)	2.03	1.9	0.12	1.47	0.164
NI	30.34	30.34	0	0	0.997
IL (cm)	8.8	9.48	0.68	1.85	0.089
SD (cm)	2.84	2.64	0.2	3.25	0.006
SL18MAP (m)	2.68	2.84	0.16	1.24	0.239
SCW (kg)	1.88	1.68	0.2	1.57	0.145
CYTPH (t/ha)	16.34	14.89	1.46	0.71	0.493
Brix (%)	19.3	19.71	0.41	1.06	0.31
Pol (%)	17.85	18.36	0.51	1.22	0.245
Purity (%)	92.5	93.06	1.56	1.27	0.228
ERS (%)	12.72	13.15	0.43	1.3	0.219
SYTPH (t/ha)	31.3	29.3	2.04	0.55	0.593

Table 3. Comparison of means of 178 genotypes germinated from hybrid seeds against 12 local and six old collections based on 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits tested at Metahara sugar estate from May 2021-November 2022

Traits	Hybrids	Others	Difference	T-value	P-value
SPN30	25.07	20.43	4.64	2.01	0.058
SPN45	24.76	24.2	3.22	0.3	0.768
TL3MAP	68	58.6	9.42	1.44	1.167
TL4MAP	78.6	69.6	9.01	146	0.159
TL5MAP	86.9	72.7	14.25	2.58	0.017
SC10MAP	65.2	64.9	0.29	0.09	0.925
PH10MAP (m)	1.96	1.90	0.06	0.85	0.406
NI	29.87	30.34	0.47	0.77	0.448
IL (cm)	8.86	9.48	0.62	2.32	0.03
SD (cm)	2.75	2.64	0.11	2.06	0.052
SL18MAP (m)	2.64	2.84	0.2	2.04	0.056
SCW (kg)	1.72	1.66	0.07	0.58	0.568
CYTPH (t/ha)	14.86	14.89	0.02	0.01	0.99
Brix (%)	19.46	19.71	0.24	0.82	0.42
Pol (%)	18.04	18.36	0.33	1.02	0.321
Purity (%)	92.69	93.06	0.37	1.08	0.291
ERS (%)	12.88	13.15	0.27	1.11	0.281
SYTPH (t/ha)	29.3	29.0	0.24	0.08	0.935

Figure 1. Contributing factor loading plot (a; left hand side) and score plot (b; right hand side) of the 196 sugarcane genotypes based on 13 agro-morphological traits.

Table 4. Eigen values and vectors; and extent of variation for agro-morphological traits

Traits	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC4	PC5
SPN30	0.169	0.443	0.073	−0.071	−0.125
SPN45	0.186	−0.013	−0.115	0.677	−0.378
TL3MAP	0.348	0.269	0.156	−0.162	−0.154
TL4MAP	0.347	0.260	0.195	−0.254	−0.003
TL5MAP	0.336	0.149	0.291	−0.111	−0.001
SC10MAP	0.404	−0.06	0.209	0.202	0.110
PH10MAP (m)	0.339	−0.251	−0.103	−0.134	0.120
NI	0.157	0.208	−0.321	0.182	0.675
IL (cm)	0.136	−0.517	0.071	−0.285	−0.345
SD (cm)	−0.057	0.313	−0.469	−0.175	−0.329
SL18MAP (m)	0.294	−0.390	−0.218	−0.175	0.243
SCW (kg)	0.133	0.075	−0.576	−0.311	−0.123
CY(t/ha)	0.392	−0.094	−0.269	0.321	−0.183
Eigenvalue	3.704	2.373	2.176	1.241	1.132
Individual (%)	28.50	18.30	16.74	9.55	8.71
Cumulative (%)	28.49	46.74	63.48	73.03	81.74

Notes: SPN30; average number of sprouted buds per plot 30 days after planting, SPN45; average number of sprouted buds per plot 45 days after planting, TL3MAP; average number of tillers per plot three months after planting, TL4MAP; average number of tillers per plot four months after planting, TL5MAP; average number of tillers per plot five months after planting, SC10MAP; average number of stalks counted per plot 10 months after planting, PH10MAP; average plant height in meters 10 months after planting, SL18MAP; average stalk length in meters 18 months after planting, NI; average number of internode per stalk, IL; average internode length per stalk, SD; average stalk diameter in centimetres, SCW; average single cane weight in kilogram, CY; cane yield in ton per hectare.

Figure 2. Contributing factor loading plot (a; left hand side) and score plot (b; right hand side) of the 196 sugarcane genotypes based on five biochemical traits.

Table 5. Eigen values and vectors; and extent of variation for biochemical traits

Traits*	PC1	PC2
Brix (%)	−0.496	−0.051
Pol (%)	−0.524	−0.043
Purity (%)	−0.442	−0.009
ERS (%)	−0.528	−0.039
SY (ton/hectare)	−0.072	0.997
Eigenvalue	3.579	0.987
Individual (%)	71.584	19.738
Cumulative (%)	71.585	91.323

Notes: ERS; estimable sucrose percent, SY; sugar yield.

Figure 3. Contributing factor loading plot (a; left hand side) and score plot (b; right hand side) of the 196 sugarcane genotypes based on combinations of 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits.

Table 6. Eigen values and vectors; and extent of variation of agro-morphological and biochemical traits

Traits	PC1	PC2	PC3	PC.4	PC5	PC6
SPN30	0.258	0.028	0.719	−0.001	−0.072	0.135
SPN45	0.399	0.193	−0.051	0.194	0.718	0.188
TL3MAP	0.580	0.101	0.513	−0.246	−0.154	0.194
TL4MAP	0.576	0.054	0.515	−0.307	−0.271	0.070
TL5MAP	0.576	0.000	0.357	−0.445	−0.086	0.061
SC10MAP	0.771	0.087	0.019	−0.364	0.215	−0.143
PH10MAP (m)	0.603	0.221	−0.329	−0.091	−0.282	−0.137
NI	0.212	0.386	0.273	0.335	−0.040	−0.768
IL (cm)	0.290	−0.024	−0.733	−0.292	−0.258	0.412
SD (cm)	−0.150	0.362	0.334	0.673	−0.188	0.363
SL18MAP (m)	0.517	0.319	−0.575	−0.014	−0.355	−0.249
SCW (kg)	0.200	0.530	−0.01	0.643	−0.43	0.167
CY (t/ha)	0.760	0.456	−0.172	0.24	0.294	0.087
Brix (%)	−0.493	0.751	−0.026	−0.28	0.010	0.078
Pol (%)	−0.497	0.805	0.008	−0.297	0.024	0.04
Purity (%)	−0.346	0.716	0.119	−0.257	0.029	−0.08
ERS (%)	−0.490	0.817	0.025	−0.299	0.028	0.021
SY (t/ha)	0.685	0.595	−0.148	0.181	0.252	0.091
Eigenvalue	4.539	3.724	2.405	2.008	1.318	1.151
Individual (%)	25.214	20.687	13.36	11.156	7.320	6.397
Cumulative (%)	25.214	45.901	59.261	70.417	77.736	84.133

Notes: SPN30; average number of sprouted buds per plot 30 days after planting, SPN45; average number of sprouted buds per plot 45 days after planting, TL3MAP; average number of tillers per plot three months after planting, TL4MAP; average number of tillers per plot four months after planting, TL5MAP; average number of tillers per plot five months after planting, SC10MAP; average number of stalks counted per plot 10 months after planting, PH10MAP; average plant height in meters 10 months after planting, SL18MAP; average stalk length in meters 18 months after planting, NI; average number of internode per stalk, IL; average internode length per stalk, SD; average stalk diameter in centimetres, SCW; average single cane weight in kilogram, CY; cane yield in ton per hectare, ERS; estimable sucrose percent, and SY; Sugar yield in ton per hectare.

Figure 4. Dendrogram of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on 13 agro-morphological traits.

Figure 5. Dendrogram of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on five biochemical traits.

Table 7. Intercluster, intracluster, and mean distance based on 13 agro-morphological traits

Cluster	C1	C2	C3	C4	C 5	Mean distance	Number of. genotypes
Cluster 1(C1)	4.7977					6.3762	190
Cluster 2 (C2)	6.0612	3.9039				2.3453	3(73, 52, 147)
Cluster 3 (C3)	6.8577	9.1681	0.0000			0.0000	1 (125)
Cluster 4 (C4)	6.4303	10.0178	6.6322	0.0000		0.0000	1(33)
Cluster 5 (C5)	7.6128	7.0706	11.7317	9.8260	0.0000	0.0000	1(56)

Table 8. Clusters means based on 13 agro-morphological traits of 196 sugarcane genotypes evaluated at Metahara sugar estate during May 2021-November 2022 growing season

Traits	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5
SPN30	25.92	16.31	18.92	24.56	23.08
SPN45	26.98	24.21	16.67	20.68	33.36
TL3MAP	87.81	51.36	46.36	52.84	60.83
TL4MAP	100.89	63.3	57.8	64.27	67.58
TL5MAP	102.8	71.54	61.8	66.9	67.29
SC10MAP	80.87	69.22	52.09	53.83	67.37
PH10MAP (m)	2.14	1.99	1.85	1.51	1.95
NI	30.08	28.91	30.02	28.55	33.76
IL (cm)	9.82	10.44	9.58	7.99	8.68
SD (cm)	2.60	2.40	2.79	2.66	2.81
SL18MAP (m)	2.92	2.99	2.85	2.27	2.9
SCW (kg)	1.69	1.40	1.88	1.35	1.91
CY(t/ha)	18.94	13.83	12.29	8.37	19.91

Notes: SPN30; average number of sprouted buds per plot 30 days after planting, SPN45; average number of sprouted buds per plot 45 days after planting, TL3MAP; average number of tillers per plot three months after planting, TL4MAP; average number of tillers per plot four months after planting, TL5MAP; average number of tillers per plot five months after planting, SC10MAP; average number of stalks counted per plot 10 months after planting, PH10MAP; average plant height in meters 10 months after planting, SL18MAP; average stalk length in meters 18 months after planting, NI; average number of internode per stalk, IL; average internode length per stalk, SD; average stalk diameter in centimetres, SCW; average single cane weight in kilogram, CY; cane yield in ton per hectare.

Table 9. Intercluster, intracluster, and mean distance based on five biochemical traits of 196 sugarcane genotypes evaluated at Metahara sugar estate during May 2021-November 2022 growing season

Cluster	C1	C2	Mean distance	Number of genotypes
Cluster 1 (C1)	1.507		3.44	62
Cluster 2 (C2)	3.192	1.528	3.415	134

Table 10. Cluster means of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on five biochemical traits of 196 sugarcane genotypes evaluated at Metahara sugar estate during May 2021-November 2022 growing season

Cluster	Brix (%)	Pol (%)	Purity (%)	ERS (%)	SY(t/ha)	Number of Genotypes
Cluster (C1)	18.59	16.97	91.29	11.99	27.39	62
Cluster (C2)	20.36	19.17	94.10	13.83	30.39	134

Notes: SY represents sugar yield.

Figure 6. Dendrogram of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on combinations of 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits.

Table 11. Intercluster and intracluster genetic distances of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits

S.No.	Clusters	1	2	3	4	5	6	Mean distance	No. of genotypes
1	Cluster 1	5.37						6.64	161
2	Cluster 2	6.64	5.29					5.85	31
3	Cluster 3	7.47	6.518	0.00				0.00	1(genotype 143)
4	Cluster 4	7.96	7.973	10.03	0.00			0.00	1(genotype 125)
5	Cluster 5	8.17	6.945	6.54	10.91	0.00		0.00	1(genotype 133)
6	Cluster 6	7.44	6.758	6.45	7.76	10.01	0.00	0.00	1(genotype 56)

Table 12. Cluster means of 196 sugarcane genotypes based on 13 agro-morphological and five biochemical traits

Cluster	Cluster 1	Cluster 2	Cluster 3	Cluster 4	Cluster 5	Cluster 6
SPN30	28.82	22.16	15.28	26.68	17.45	18.08
SPN45	30.98	27.83	17.47	22.61	28.93	20.46
TL3MAP	78.04	73.82	38.04	56.17	55.07	57.83
TL4MAP	86.34	84.99	49.11	68.79	65.21	70.14
TL5MAP	89.19	93.36	54.18	66.8	62.59	76.35
SC10MAP	73.28	83.19	46.63	52.44	62.84	68.48
PH10MAP	1.92	2.17	1.76	1.49	2.08	1.95
NI	32.97	29.26	28.27	28.14	32.29	30.28
IL (cm)	8.67	10.28	9.84	7.94	9.61	9.7
SD (cm)	2.78	2.4	2.68	2.71	2.82	2.54
SL18MAP (m)	2.82	2.97	2.75	2.22	3.07	2.9
SCW (kg)	1.84	1.44	1.69	1.37	2.06	1.56
CY (t/ha)	19.27	17.11	10.21	8.55	19.84	13.84
Brix (%)	20.12	17.99	19.88	19.35	19.4	20.52
Pol (%)	18.96	16.37	18.48	17.92	17.93	19.32
Purity (%)	94.21	90.98	92.82	92.56	92.38	94.11
ERS (%)	13.69	11.54	13.22	12.79	12.78	13.94
SY(t/ha)	38.39	30.54	20.71	17.06	37.61	28.8

Notes: SPN30; average number of sprouted buds per plot 30 days after planting, SPN45; average number of sprouted buds per plot 45 days after planting, TL3MAP; average number of tillers per plot three months after planting, TL4MAP; average number of tillers per plot four months after planting, TL5MAP; average number of tillers per plot five months after planting, SC10MAP; average number of stalks counted per plot 10 months after planting, PH10MAP; average plant height in meters 10 months after planting, S18MAPL; average stalk length in meters 18 months after planting, NI; average number of internode per stalk, IL; average internode length per stalk, SD; average stalk diameter in centimetres; SCW; average single cane weight in kilogram, CY; cane yield in ton per hectare, Brix, pol, and purity are in percent, ERS; estimable sucrose percent, and SY; sugar yield in ton per hectare.

Data availability statement

The dataset collected and analyzed in the course of the present study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.