Effect of variety and agro-ecology on physio-chemical and organoleptic quality of avocado fruit grown in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1. Mean monthly precipitation distribution at Debre Zeit, Melkassa, and Wondo Genet (1981–2021).

Source: NASA (2021).

Figure 2. (a) Mean, maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at Debre Zeit (1981–2021). (b) Mean, maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at Melkassa (1981–2021). (c) Mean, maximum and minimum monthly temperatures at Wondo Genet (1981–2021).

Source: NASA (2021).

Table 1. Summary of site descriptions for three studying locations in Ethiopia

Testing locations	Latitude	Longitude	Soil PH	Soil type	Rainfall (mm)	Altitude (m.a.s.l)	Annual average temperature (^oC)
							Minimum	Maximum	Average
Melkassa	8°24’N	39°21E	7 to 8.2	Andosol of volcanic origin	681.51	1550	12.46	30.06	20.58
Wondo Genet	7°13‘N	38°37‘E	6.4	Sandy clay loam (Nitosol)	1525.73	1876	7.70	23.00	15.42
Debre Zeit	8°44‘N	38°58‘E	6.0 to 7.5	Black heavy clay (Vertisol)	847.41	1900	9.05	26.30	17.56

Source: Melkassa Agricultural Research Center (MARC), Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center (DARC), and Wendo genet Agricultural Research Center (WARC), meteorological stations’ data. m.a.s.l = meters above sea level, T° = Temperature. NASA power access Data; https://power.larc.nasa.gov/

Figure 3. (a) Interaction effect of variety and location on the physio-chemical characteristics of avocado varieties at Melkassa. (b) Interaction effect of variety and location on the physio-chemical characteristics of avocado varieties at Debre Zeit. (c) Interaction effect of variety and location on the physio-chemical characteristics of avocado varieties at Wondo Genet.

Table 2. Effect of main factors (variety and location) on the physicochemical characteristics of avocado varieties

Variety	TSS (%) 1: 3 dilution	pH	TA (%)
Ettinger	5.66^C	5.53^E	5.11^CD
Fuerte	5.65^C	5.94^D	5.89^A
Hass	7.95^A	6.23^C	5.14^CD
Pinkerton	7.04^B	6.56^B	5.29^BC
Bacon	7.30^AB	5.98^D	5.49^B
Nabal	5.79^C	6.76^A	4.90^D
GM (%)	6.56	6.17	5.30
LSD (0.05)	0.31	0.04	0.13
CV (%)	32.67	15.37	39.60
Location
Debre Zeit	6.21^B	6.45^B	4.86^B
Melkassa	4.70^C	5.12^C	3.23^C
Wondo Genet	8.78^A	6.95^A	7.82^A
GM (%)	6.56	6.17	5.30
LSD (0.05)	0.24	0.03	0.09
CV (%)	34.64	15.16	38.77

Means followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05) according to Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. G.M= grand mean, CV=coefficient of variance, TSS=Total Soluble Solids, TA= Titratable Acidity.

Table 3. Effect of main factors (variety and location) on the pulp color of avocado varieties

Variety	L *	a *	b *	C* (chroma)	h* (hue angle)
Ettinger	54.52^B	−3.40^B	34.39^D	34.71^D	82.46^AB
Fuerte	58.38^AB	−7.75^D	37.15^C	37.49^C	82.24^AB
Hass	46.05^C	−5.06^C	39.56^B	40.12^B	80.71^A
Pinkerton	49.87^C	−4.07^BC	40.08^B	40.37^CD	83.25^B
Bacon	54.53^B	−3.59^B	36.05^CD	36.37^CD	82.73^B
Nabal	58.83^A	−0.55^A	44.07^A	44.09^A	88.32^C
GM (%)	53.70	3.89	38.55	38.86	83.28
LSD (0.05)	1.92	0.49	0.84	1.70	1.95
CV (%)	11.76	−20.08	5.54	3.60	1.93
Location
Debre Zeit	50.99±8.35^B	−4.03±1.47^A	38.94±2.32^A	37.77^A	81.93^A
Melkassa	50.39±7.63^B	−3.76±0.25^A	39.46±2.63^A	39.20^A	84.101^B
Wondo Genet	59.70±6.66^A	−3.88±2.69^A	37.25±2.60^B	37.66^B	81.93^A
GM (%)	53.70	3.89	38.55	38.21	82.65
LSD (0.05)	1.36	0.35	0.60	1.20	1.38
CV (%)	14.11	−45.71	6.55	9.37	7.76

The data are expressed as means. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05) according to Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. G.M= grand mean, CV=coefficient of variance, L *= difference in lightness and darkness (+ = lighter, – = darker), a *= difference in red and green (+ = redder, – = greener), b *= difference in yellow and blue (+ = yellower, – = bluer).

Table 4. Interaction effect of variety and location on the pulp color of avocado varieties

Location	Variety	L *	a *	b *	C* (chroma)	H^0 (hue angle)
Melkassa	Fuerte	54.41^BC	−4.72^BC	38.81^CDE	39.09^CDE	83.07^CDE
Melkassa	Nabal	52.24^CD	1.44^A	44.38^A	44.41^A	88.13^F
Melkassa	Pinkerton	51.78^CD	−4.23^BC	40.39^CD	40.870^CD	81.23^ABCD
Melkassa	Bacon	51.66 ^CD	−3.58^B	36.43^EFG	36.61^EFG	84.39^DE
Melkassa	Ettinger	48.62^CDE	−3.53^B	36.59^EFG	36.76^EFG	84.49^DE
Melkassa	Hass	43.66^E	−7.92^E	40.14^CD	40.57^CD	81.62^ABCD
Debre Zeit	Fuerte	53.48^BC	−5.81^CD	38.23^C-^F	38.67^CDEF	81.35^ABCD
Debre Zeit	Nabal	62.13^A	0.11^A	43.92^AB	43.94^AB	88.42^F
Debre Zeit	Pinkerton	45.97^E	3.48^B	40.87^BC	41.02^BCD	85.13^EF
Debre Zeit	Bacon	51.66^CDE	−3.58^B	36.43^EFG	36.61^EFG	84.39^DE
Debre Zeit	Ettinger	48.62^CDE	3.53^B	36.59^EFG	36.76^EFG	84.49^DE
Debre Zeit	Hass	44.13^E	−7.86^E	37.62^DEF	38.21^DEF	80.84^ABC
Wondo Genet	Fuerte	67.25^A	−4.66^BC	34.41^G	34.72^G	82.29^BCDE
Wondo Genet	Nabal	62.13^A	0.11^A	43.92^AB	43.94^AB	88.42^F
Wondo Genet	Pinkerton	51.85^CD	−4.50^BC	38.97^CDE	39.23^CDE	83.39^CDE
Wondo Genet	Bacon	60.28^AB	−3.60^B	35.29^FG	35.90^FG	79.41^AB
Wondo Genet	Ettinger	66.34^A	−3.15^B	30.00^H	30.62^H	78.42^A
Wondo Genet	Hass	50.37^CDE	−7.46^DE	40.91^BC	41.59^ABC	79.66^AB
GM		53.70	3.89	38.55	38.86	83.38
LSD (0.05)		3.32	0.85	1.46	3.37	1.93
CV		6.19	14.53	3.78	3.60	2.92

The data are expressed as means. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05) according to Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. G.M= grand mean, CV=coefficient of variance, L *= difference in lightness and darkness (+ = lighter, – = darker), a *= difference in red and green (+ = redder, – = greener), b *= difference in yellow and blue (+ = yellower, – = bluer).

Table 5. Effect of main factors (variety and location) on the proximate composition of avocado varieties

Variety	Moisture (Wet basis) (%)	Ash (%)	Protein (%)	Fat (%)
Ettinger	77.27^A	2.92^C	2.90^D	43.10^E
Fuerte	71.43^C	2.69^CD	2.83^D	53.33^B
Hass	74.04^B	3.29^B	3.32^C	54.02^A
Pinkerton	67.75^D	5.09^A	4.82^A	52.59^C
Bacon	69.36^D	2.49^D	2.61^D	51.14^D
Nabal	71.72^C	4.89^A	4.51^B	35.49^F
GM (%)	71.93	3.56	3.50	48.30
LSD (0.05)	0.80	0.14	0.15	0.34
CV (%)	7.07	21.31	21.76	12.81
Location
Debre Zeit	69.82^C	2.70^B	3.45^B	43.94^C
Melkassa	73.89^A	3.96^A	3.04^C	49.89^B
Wondo Genet	72.08^B	4.02^A	4.01^A	51.01^A
GM (%)	71.93	3.56	3.50	48.30
LSD (0.05)	0.57	0.10	0.11	0.24
CV (%)	7.80	5.48	30.87	17.87

The data are expressed as means. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05) according to Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. G.M= grand mean, CV=coefficient of variance.

Figure 4. (a) Interaction effect of variety and location on the proximate composition of avocado varieties at Melkassa. (b) Interaction effect of variety and location on the proximate composition of avocado varieties at Debre Zeit. (c) Interaction effect of variety and location on the proximate composition of avocado varieties at Wondo Genet.

Table 6. Effect of main factors (variety and location) on the sensory evaluation of avocado varieties

Variety	Color	Appearance	Aroma	Taste	Overall acceptability
Ettinger	3.52^B	3.48^B	3.62^AB	3.81^A	3.76^AB
Fuerte	3.67^AB	3.48^B	3.52^B	3.57^A	3.48^B
Hass	4.05^A	3.86^A	3.90^A	3.86^A	3.95^A
Pinkerton	4.00^A	3.86^A	3.76^AB	3.81^A	3.86^A
Bacon	3.52^B	3.48^B	3.62^AB	3.76^A	3.52^B
Nabal	3.57^B	3.43^B	3.48^B	3.71^A	3.52^B
GM (%)	3.72	3.60	3.65	3.75	3.68
LSD (0.05)	0.20	0.19	0.18	0.20	0.17
CV (%)	18.63	18.05	19.36	18.00	16.61
Location
Debre Zeit	3.64^B	3.45^B	3.40^B	3.57^B	3.48^B
Melkassa	3.55^B	3.45^B	3.43^B	3.62^B	3.57^B
Wondo Genet	3.98^A	3.88^A	4.12^A	4.07^A	4.00^A
GM (%)	3.72	3.65	3.72	3.75	3.68
LSD (0.05)	0.14	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.12
CV (%)	18.61	17.59	16.90	16.81	16.01

The data are expressed as means. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (P<0.05) according to Fisher’s Least Significance Difference (LSD) test. G.M= grand mean, CV=coefficient of variance.

Figure 5. (a) Interaction effect of variety and location on the sensory evaluation of avocado varieties at Melkassa. (b) Interaction effect of variety and location on the sensory evaluation of avocado varieties at Debre Zeit. (c) Interaction effect of variety and location on the sensory evaluation of avocado varieties at Wondo Genet.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), (2021). Langley Research Center (LaRC), Power data access viewer, single point data access online resource, Retrieved march 15, 2023, from https://power.larc.nasa.gov/data-access-viewer.

 Google Scholar